4.1. Therapeutic indications

Strefen Eucalyptus and Manuka Honey Flavour 8.75mg Lozenges are indicated for the short term symptomatic relief of sore throat in adults and adolescents over the age of 12 years.

4.2. Posology and method of administration

Posology

The lowest effective dose should be administered for the shortest duration necessary to control symptoms (see section 4.4).

Adults and adolescents over the age of 12 years:

One lozenge sucked/dissolved slowly in the mouth every 3-6 hours as required. Maximum 5 lozenges in a 24 hour period.

It is recommended that this product should be used for a maximum of three days.

Children: Not indicated for children under 12 years.

Elderly: A general dose recommendation cannot be given, since to date clinical experience is limited. The elderly are at increased risk of the serious consequences of adverse reactions.

Impaired hepatic: In patients with mild to moderate impairment of hepatic function no dose reduction is required. In patients with severe hepatic insufficiency flurbiprofen is contraindicated (see section 4.3).

Impaired renal: In patients with mild to moderate impairment of renal function no dose reduction is required. In patients with severe renal insufficiency flurbiprofen is contraindicated (see section 4.3).

Method of administration

For oromucosal administration and short-term use only.

As with all lozenges, to avoid local irritation, Strefen Eucalyptus and Manuka Honey Flavour 8.75mg Lozenges should be moved around the mouth whilst sucking.

4.3. Contraindications

• Hypersensitivity to flurbiprofen or any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

• Patients who have previously shown hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. asthma, bronchospasm, rhinitis, angioedema or urticaria) in response to acetylsalicylic acid or other NSAIDs.

• Active, or history of recurrent peptic ulcer/haemorrhage (two or more distinct episodes of proven ulceration) and intestinal ulceration.

• History of gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation, severe colitis, haemorrhagic or haematopoietic disorders related to previous NSAID therapy.

• Last trimester of pregnancy (See section 4.6)

• Severe heart failure, severe renal failure or severe hepatic failure (see section 4.4).

4.4. Special warnings and precautions for use

Undesirable effects may be minimized by using the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration necessary to control symptoms

Elderly population

The elderly have an increased frequency of adverse reactions to NSAIDs especially gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation which may be fatal.

Respiratory:

Bronchospasm may be precipitated in patients suffering from or with a previous history of bronchial asthma or allergic disease. Flurbiprofen lozenges should be used with caution in these patients

Other NSAIDs:

The use of flurbiprofen lozenges with concomitant NSAIDs including cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors should be avoided (see section 4.5).

Systemic lupus erythematosus and mixed connective tissue disease:

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and mixed connective tissue disease may have an increased risk of aseptic meningitis (see section 4.8), however this effect is not usually seen with short term limited use products such as flurbiprofen lozenges.

Cardiovascular, Renal and Hepatic Impairment:

NSAIDs have been reported to cause nephrotoxicity in various forms including interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and renal failure. The administration of an NSAID may cause a dose dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation and precipitate renal failure. Patients at greatest risk of this reaction are those with impaired renal function, cardiac impairment, liver dysfunction, those taking diuretics and the elderly, however, this effect is not usually seen with short term, limited use products such as flurbiprofen lozenges.

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects:

Caution (discussion with doctor or pharmacist) is required prior to starting treatment in patients with a history of hypertension and/or heart failure as fluid retention, hypertension and oedema have been reported in association with NSAID therapy.

Clinical trial and epidemiological data suggest that use of some NSAIDs, (particularly at high doses and in long term treatment) may be associated with a small increased risk of arterial thrombotic events (for example myocardial infarction or stroke). There are insufficient data to exclude such a risk for flurbiprofen when given at a daily dose of no more than 5 lozenges.

Hepatic:

Mild to moderate hepatic dysfunction (see sections 4.3 and 4.8)

Nervous System effects

Analgesic induced headache - In the event of prolonged use of analgesics or use beyond the regulations headache may occur, which must not be treated with increased doses of the medicinal product.

Gastrointestinal:

NSAIDs should be given with care to patients with a history of gastrointestinal disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease) as these conditions may be exacerbated (see section 4.8).

Gastrointestinal bleeding, ulceration or perforation, which can be fatal, has been reported with all NSAIDs at anytime during treatment, with or without warning symptoms or a previous history of serious GI events.

The risk of GI bleeding, ulceration or perforation is higher with increasing NSAID doses, in patients with a history of ulcer, particularly if complicated with haemorrhage or perforation (see section 4.3), and in the elderly, however this effect is not usually seen with short term limited use products such as flurbiprofen lozenges. Patients with a history of GI toxicity, particularly when elderly, should report any unusual abdominal symptoms (especially GI bleeding) to their healthcare professional.

Caution should be advised in patients receiving concomitant medications which could increase the risk of ulceration or bleeding, such as oral corticosteroids, anticoagulants such as warfarin, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors or anti-platelet agents such as acetylsalicylic acid (see section 4.5).

If GI bleeding or ulceration occurs in patients receiving flurbiprofen, the treatment should be withdrawn.

Dermatological:

Serious skin reactions, some of them fatal, including exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, have been reported very rarely in association with the use of NSAIDs (see section 4.8). Flurbiprofen lozenges should be discontinued at the first appearance of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or any other sign of hypersensitivity.

Lactation and Impaired Female Fertility: See section 4.6

Infections:

Since in isolated cases an exacerbation of infective inflammations (e.g. development of necrotising fasciitis) has been described in temporal association with the use of systemic NSAIDs as a class, the patient is advised to consult a physician immediately if signs of a bacterial infection occur or worsen during the flurbiprofen lozenges therapy. It should be considered whether initiation of an anti-infective antibiotic therapy is indicated.

In cases of purulent bacterial pharyngitis/tonsillitis, the patient is advised to consult a physician as the treatment needs to be re-evaluated.

Masking of symptoms of underlying infections:

Epidemiological studies suggest that systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can mask symptoms of infection, which may lead to delayed initiation of appropriate treatment and thereby worsening the outcome of the infection. This has been observed in bacterial community acquired pneumonia and bacterial complications to varicella. When Strefen Eucalyptus and Manuka Honey Flavour 8.75mg Lozenges is administered while the patient suffers from fever or pain in relation to infection, monitoring of infection is advised.

Treatment should be administered for three days maximum.

Haematological effects

Flurbiprofen, like other NSAIDs, may inhibit platelet aggregation and prolong bleeding time. Flurbiprofen lozenges should be used with caution in patients with a potential for abnormal bleeding.

Sugar intolerance:

Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance should not take this medicine.

If the symptoms get worse or if new symptoms occur, the treatment should be re-evaluated.

If mouth irritation occurs, treatment should be withdrawn.

Other warnings

Contains Isomalt and Maltitol which may have a mild laxative effect after multiple daily doses.

Isomalt and Maltitol have a calorific value of 2.3 kcal/g

This medicine contains fragrance Anise Alcohol, Benzyl Alcohol, Benzyl Benzoate, Benzyl Cinnamate, Benzyl Salicylate, Cinnamal, Cinnamyl Alcohol, Citral, Geraniol, Limonene and Linalool.

Anise Alcohol, Benzyl Alcohol, Benzyl Benzoate, Benzyl Cinnamate, Benzyl Salicylate, Cinnamal, Cinnamyl Alcohol, Citral, Geraniol, Limonene and Linalool may cause allergic reactions.

4.5. Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Flurbiprofen should be avoided in combination with:

Other NSAIDS including cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors:

Avoid concomitant use of two or more NSAIDs as this may increase the risk of adverse effects (esp. gastrointestinal adverse events such as ulcers and bleeding), (see section 4.4).

Acetylsalicylic acid (low dose):

Unless low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (not above 75mg daily) has been advised by a doctor, as this may increase the risk of adverse reactions (see section 4.4).

Flurbiprofen should be used with caution in combination with:

Anticoagulants:

NSAIDs may enhance the effects of anti-coagulants, such as warfarin (see section 4.4).

Anti-platelet Agents

Increased risk of gastrointestinal ulceration or bleeding (see section 4.4).

Antihypertensive drugs

(Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-II-antagonists):

NSAIDs may reduce the effect of diuretics and other antihypertensive drugs. In some patients with compromised renal function (e.g. dehydrated patients or elderly patients with compromised renal function) the co-administration of an ACE inhibitor or Angiotensin II antagonist and agents that inhibit cyclo-oxygenase may result in further deterioration of renal function, including possible acute renal failure, which is usually reversible. These interactions should be considered in patients taking flurbiprofen concomitantly with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II antagonists. Therefore, the combination should be administered with caution, especially in the elderly. Patients should be adequately hydrated and consideration should be given to monitoring

Alcohol:

May increase the risk of adverse reactions, especially of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract

Cardiac glycosides:

NSAIDs may exacerbate cardiac failure, reduce GFR and increase plasma glycoside levels - adequate control and, if necessary, dose adjustment is recommended

Ciclosporin:

Increased risk of nephrotoxicity.

Corticosteroids:

Increased risk of gastrointestinal ulceration or bleeding (see section 4.4)

Lithium:

May increase serum levels of lithium – adequate control and, if necessary, dose adjustment is recommended

Methotrexate:

The administration of NSAIDs within 24 hours before or after administration of methotrexate may lead to elevated concentrations of methotrexate and an increase in its toxic effect.

Mifepristone:

NSAIDs should not be used for 8 – 12 days after mifepristone administration as NSAIDs can reduce the effect of mifepristone.

Oral antidiabetics:

Alteration of blood glucose levels reported (increased check rate recommended)

Phenytoin:

May increase serum levels of phenytoin – adequate control and, if necessary, dose adjustment is recommended

Potassium sparing diuretics:

Concomitant use may cause hyperkalaemia

Probenecid Sulfinpyrazone:

Medicinal products that contain probenecid or sulfinpyrazone may delay the excretion of flurbiprofen.

Quinolone antibiotics:

Animal data indicate that NSAIDs can increase the risk of convulsions associated with quinolone antibiotics. Patients taking NSAIDs and quinolones may have an increased risk of developing convulsions.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's):

Increased risk of gastrointestinal ulceration or bleeding (see section 4.4).

Tacrolimus:

Possible increased risk of nephrotoxicity when NSAIDs are given with tacrolimus.

Zidovudine:

Increased risk of haematological toxicity when NSAIDs are given with zidovudine.

No studies so far have revealed any interactions between flurbiprofen and tolbutamide or antacids.

Paediatric population

No additional information available.

4.6. Fertility, pregnancy, and lactation

Pregnancy

Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may adversely affect the pregnancy and/or the embryo/foetal development. Data from epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk of miscarriage and of cardiac malformation and gastroschisis after use of a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor in early pregnancy. The absolute risk for cardiovascular malformation was increased from less than 1%, up to approximately 1.5%. The risk is believed to increase with dose and duration of therapy. In animals, administration of a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor has been shown to result in increased pre- and post-implantation loss and embryo-foetal lethality. In addition, increased incidences of various malformations, including cardiovascular, have been reported in animals given a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor during the organogenetic period. During the first and second trimester of pregnancy, flurbiprofen should not be given unless clearly necessary. If flurbiprofen is used by a woman attempting to conceive, or during the first and second trimester of pregnancy, the dose should be kept as low and duration of treatment as short as possible.

During the third trimester of pregnancy, all prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors may expose

• the foetus to:

o cardiopulmonary toxicity (with premature closure of the ductus arteriosus and pulmonary hypertension);

o renal dysfunction, which may progress to renal failure with oligo-hydroamniosis;

• the mother and the neonate, at the end of pregnancy, to:

o possible prolongation of bleeding time, an anti-aggregating effect which may occur even at very low doses.

o inhibition of uterine contractions resulting in delayed or prolonged labour.

Consequently, flurbiprofen is contraindicated during the third trimester of pregnancy (see section 4.3).

Breast-feeding

In limited studies, flurbiprofen appears in the breast milk in very low concentration and is unlikely to affect the breast-fed infant adversely. However, because of possible adverse effects of NSAIDs on breast-fed infants, Strefen Eucalyptus and Manuka Honey Flavour 8.75mg Lozenges are not recommended for use in nursing mothers (see section 4.4).

Fertility

There is some evidence that drugs which inhibit cyclo-oxygenase/ prostaglandin synthesis may cause impairment of female fertility by an effect on ovulation. This is reversible on withdrawal of treatment.

4.7. Effects on ability to drive and use machines

No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use of machines have been performed. Dizziness, drowsiness and visual disturbances are possible undesirable side effects after taking NSAIDs. If affected, the patient should not drive or operate machinery.

4.8. Undesirable effects

Hypersensitivity reactions to NSAIDs have been reported and these may consist of:

(a) Non – specific allergic reactions and anaphylaxis

(b) Respiratory tract reactivity, e.g. asthma, aggravated asthma, bronchospasm, dyspnoea

(c) Various skin reactions, e.g. pruritus, urticaria, angioedema and more rarely exfoliative and bullous dermatoses (including epidermal necrolysis and erythema multiforme).

Oedema, hypertension and cardiac failure have been reported in association with NSAID treatment.

Clinical trial and epidemiological data suggest that the use of some NSAIDs, (particularly at high doses and in long term treatment) may be associated with a small increased risk of arterial thrombotic events (for example myocardial infarction or stroke), (see section 4.4). There is insufficient data to exclude such a risk for Flurbiprofen 8.75 mg lozenges.

The following list of adverse effects relates to those experienced with

flurbiprofen at OTC doses for short-term use.

Adverse events which have been associated with flurbiprofen are given below, tabulated by system organ class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as:

(Very common (≥1/10), Common (≥1/100 to <1/10), Uncommon (≥1/1000 to <1/100), Rare (≥1/10000 to <1/1000), Very rare (<1/10000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data))

System Organ Class

Frequency

Adverse Events

Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders

Not known

Anaemia, thrombocytopenia

Immune System Disorders

Rare

Anaphylactic reaction

Not known

Hypersensitivity

Psychiatric Disorders

Uncommon

Insomnia

Nervous System Disorders

Common

Dizziness, headache, paraesthesia

Uncommon

Somnolence

Cardiac disorders

Not known

Cardiac failure, oedema

Vascular disorders

Not known

Hypertension

Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders

Common

Throat irritation

Uncommon

Exacerbation of asthma and bronchospasm, dyspnoea, oropharyngeal blistering, pharyngeal hypoaesthesia

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Common

Diarrhoea, mouth ulceration, nausea, oral pain, paraesthesia oral, oropharyngeal pain, oral discomfort (warm and burning feeling or tingling in the mouth)

Uncommon

Abdominal distension, abdominal pain, constipation, dry mouth, dyspepsia, flatulence, glossodynia, dysgeusia, oral dysaesthesia, vomiting

Hepatobiliary Disorders

Not known

Hepatitis

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders

Uncommon

Pruritus

Not known

Severe forms of skin reaction such as bullous reactions, including Stevens- Johnson Syndrome, erythema multiform and toxic epidermal necrolysis

General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions

Uncommon

Pyrexia, pain

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

4.9. Overdose

Symptoms:

Most patients who have ingested clinically important amounts of NSAIDs will develop no more than nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, or more rarely diarrhoea. Tinnitus, headache, and gastrointestinal bleeding are also possible. In more serious poisoning with NSAIDs, toxicity is seen in the central nervous system, manifesting as drowsiness, occasionally excitation, blurred vision and disorientation or coma. Occasionally patients develop convulsions. In serious poisoning with NSAIDs metabolic acidosis may occur and the prothrombin time/INR may be prolonged, probably due to interference with the actions of circulating clotting factors. Acute renal failure and liver damage may occur. Exacerbation of asthma is possible in asthmatics.

Management:

Management should be symptomatic and supportive and include the maintenance of a clear airway and monitoring of cardiac and vital signs until stable. Consider oral administration of activated charcoal and if necessary correction of serum electrolytes if the patient presents within one hour of ingestion or a potentially toxic amount. If frequent or prolonged, convulsions should be treated with intravenous diazepam or lorazepam. Give bronchodilators for asthma. There is no specific antidote to flurbiprofen.