4.1. Therapeutic indications

Prophylaxis of transplant rejection in liver, kidney or heart allograft recipients.

Treatment of allograft rejection resistant to treatment with other immunosuppressive medicinal products.

4.2. Posology and method of administration

Prograf therapy requires careful monitoring by adequately qualified and equipped personnel. The medicinal product should only be prescribed, and changes in immunosuppressive therapy initiated, by physicians experienced in immunosuppressive therapy and the management of transplant patients.

Inadvertent, unintentional or unsupervised switching of immediate- or prolonged-release formulations of tacrolimus is unsafe. This can lead to graft rejection or increased incidence of side effects, including under- or over- immunosuppression, due to clinically relevant differences in systemic exposure to tacrolimus. Patients should be maintained on a single formulation of tacrolimus with the corresponding daily dosing regimen; alterations in formulation or regimen should only take place under the close supervision of a transplant specialist (see sections 4.4 and 4.8). Following conversion to any alternative formulation, therapeutic drug monitoring must be performed and dose adjustments made to ensure that systemic exposure to tacrolimus is maintained.

General considerations

The recommended initial dosages presented below are intended to act solely as a guideline. Prograf dosing should primarily be based on clinical assessments of rejection and tolerability in each patient individually aided by blood level monitoring (see below for recommended target whole blood trough concentrations). If clinical signs of rejection are apparent, alteration of the immunosuppressive regimen should be considered.

Prograf can be administered intravenously or orally. In general, dosing may commence orally; if necessary, by administering the capsule contents suspended in water, via nasogastric tubing.

Prograf is routinely administered in conjunction with other immunosuppressive agents in the initial post-operative period. The Prograf dose may vary depending upon the immunosuppressive regimen chosen.

Posology

Dosage recommendations – Liver transplantation

Prophylaxis of transplant rejection – adults oral dose

Oral Prograf therapy should commence at 0.10 - 0.20 mg/kg/day administered as two divided doses (e.g., morning and evening). Administration should commence approximately 12 hours after the completion of surgery.

Prophylaxis of transplant rejection – adults intravenous dose

If the dose cannot be administered orally as a result of the clinical condition of the patient, intravenous therapy of 0.01 - 0.05 mg/kg/day should be initiated as a continuous 24-hour infusion.

Prophylaxis of transplant rejection – children oral dose

An initial oral dose of 0.30 mg/kg/day should be administered in two divided doses (e.g., morning and evening).

Prophylaxis of transplant rejection – children intravenous dose

If the clinical condition of the patient prevents oral dosing, an initial intravenous dose of 0.05 mg/kg/day should be administered as a continuous 24-hour infusion.

Dose adjustment during post-transplant period in adults and children

Prograf doses are usually reduced in the post-transplant period. It is possible in some cases to withdraw concomitant immunosuppressive therapy, leading to Prograf monotherapy. Post-transplant improvement in the condition of the patient may alter the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and may necessitate further dose adjustments.

Rejection therapy – adults and children

Increased Prograf doses, supplemental corticosteroid therapy, and introduction of short courses of mono-/polyclonal antibodies have all been used to manage rejection episodes. If signs of toxicity are noted (e.g., pronounced adverse reactions - see section 4.8) the dose of Prograf may need to be reduced.

For conversion to Prograf, treatment should begin with the initial oral dose recommended for primary immunosuppression.

For information on conversion from ciclosporin to Prograf, see below under “Dose adjustments in specific patient populations”.

Dosage recommendations – Kidney transplantation

Prophylaxis of transplant rejection – adults oral dose

Oral Prograf therapy should commence at 0.20 - 0.30 mg/kg/day administered as two divided doses (e.g., morning and evening). Administration should commence within 24 hours after the completion of surgery.

Prophylaxis of transplant rejection – adults intravenous dose

If the dose cannot be administered orally as a result of the clinical condition of the patient, intravenous therapy of 0.05 - 0.10 mg/kg/day should be initiated as a continuous 24-hour infusion.

Prophylaxis of transplant rejection – children oral dose

An initial oral dose of 0.30 mg/kg/day should be administered in two divided doses (e.g., morning and evening).

Prophylaxis of transplant rejection – children intravenous dose

If the clinical condition of the patient prevents oral dosing, an initial intravenous dose of 0.075 – 0.100 mg/kg/day should be administered as a continuous 24-hour infusion.

Dose adjustment during post-transplant period in adults and children

Prograf doses are usually reduced in the post-transplant period. It is possible in some cases to withdraw concomitant immunosuppressive therapy, leading to Prograf-based dual-therapy. Post-transplant improvement in the condition of the patient may alter the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and may necessitate further dose adjustments.

Rejection therapy – adults and children

Increased Prograf doses, supplemental corticosteroid therapy, and introduction of short courses of mono-/polyclonal antibodies have all been used to manage rejection episodes. If signs of toxicity are noted (e.g., pronounced adverse reactions - see section 4.8) the dose of Prograf may need to be reduced.

For conversion to Prograf, treatment should begin with the initial oral dose recommended for primary immunosuppression.

For information on conversion from ciclosporin to Prograf, see below under “Dose adjustments in specific patient populations”.

Dosage recommendations – Heart transplantation

Prophylaxis of transplant rejection – adults oral dose

Prograf can be used with antibody induction (allowing for delayed start of Prograf therapy) or alternatively in clinically stable patients without antibody induction.

Following antibody induction, oral Prograf therapy should commence at a dose of 0.075 mg/kg/day administered as two divided doses (e.g., morning and evening). Administration should commence within 5 days after the completion of surgery as soon as the patient's clinical condition is stabilised.

Prophylaxis of transplant rejection – adults intravenous dose

If the dose cannot be administered orally as a result of the clinical condition of the patient, intravenous therapy of 0.01 to 0.02 mg/kg/day should be initiated as a continuous 24-hour infusion.

An alternative strategy was published where oral tacrolimus was administered within 12 hours post transplantation. This approach was reserved for patients without organ dysfunction (e.g., renal dysfunction). In that case, an initial oral tacrolimus dose of 2 to 4 mg per day was used in combination with mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids or in combination with sirolimus and corticosteroids.

Prophylaxis of transplant rejection – children

Prograf has been used with or without antibody induction in paediatric heart transplantation.

In patients without antibody induction, if Prograf therapy is initiated intravenously, the recommended starting dose is 0.03 - 0.05 mg/kg/day as a continuous 24-hour infusion targeted to achieve tacrolimus whole blood concentrations of 15 - 25 ng/ml. Patients should be converted to oral therapy as soon as clinically practicable. The first dose of oral therapy should be 0.30 mg/kg/day starting 8 to 12 hours after discontinuing intravenous therapy.

Following antibody induction, if Prograf therapy is initiated orally, the recommended starting dose is 0.10 - 0.30 mg/kg/day administered as two divided doses (e.g., morning and evening).

Dose adjustment during post-transplant period in adults and children

Prograf doses are usually reduced in the post-transplant period. Post-transplant improvement in the condition of the patient may alter the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and may necessitate further dose adjustments.

Rejection therapy – adults and children

Increased Prograf doses, supplemental corticosteroid therapy, and introduction of short courses of mono-/polyclonal antibodies have all been used to manage rejection episodes.

In adult patients converted to Prograf, an initial oral dose of 0.15 mg/kg/day should be administered in two divided doses (e.g., morning and evening).

In paediatric patients converted to Prograf, an initial oral dose of 0.20 - 0.30 mg/kg/day should be administered in two divided doses (e.g., morning and evening).

For information on conversion from ciclosporin to Prograf, see below under “Dose adjustments in specific patient populations”.

Dosage recommendations – Rejection therapy, other allografts

The dose recommendations for lung, pancreas and intestinal transplantation are based on limited prospective clinical trial data. In lung-transplanted patients Prograf has been used at an initial oral dose of 0.10 - 0.15 mg/kg/day, in pancreas-transplanted patients at an initial oral dose of 0.2 mg/kg/day and in intestinal transplantation at an initial oral dose of 0.3 mg/kg/day.

Dosage adjustments in specific patient populations

Patients with liver impairment

Dose reduction may be necessary in patients with severe liver impairment in order to maintain the blood trough levels within the recommended target range.

Patients with kidney impairment

As the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus are unaffected by renal function, no dose adjustment should be required. However, owing to the nephrotoxic potential of tacrolimus careful monitoring of renal function is recommended (including serial serum creatinine concentrations, calculation of creatinine clearance and monitoring of urine output).

Paediatric population

In general, paediatric patients require doses 1½ - 2 times higher than the adult doses to achieve similar blood levels.

Older people

There is no evidence currently available to indicate that dosing should be adjusted in older people.

Conversion from ciclosporin

Care should be taken when converting patients from ciclosporin-based to Prograf-based therapy (see sections 4.4 and 4.5). Prograf therapy should be initiated after considering ciclosporin blood concentrations and the clinical condition of the patient. Dosing should be delayed in the presence of elevated ciclosporin blood levels. In practice, Prograf therapy has been initiated 12 - 24 hours after discontinuation of ciclosporin. Monitoring of ciclosporin blood levels should be continued following conversion as the clearance of ciclosporin might be affected.

Target whole blood trough concentration recommendations

Dosing should primarily be based on clinical assessments of rejection and tolerability in each individual patient.

As an aid to optimise dosing, several immunoassays are available for determining tacrolimus concentrations in whole blood including a semi-automated microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA). Comparisons of concentrations from the published literature to individual values in clinical practice should be assessed with care and knowledge of the assay methods employed. In current clinical practice, whole blood levels are monitored using immunoassay methods.

Blood trough levels of tacrolimus should be monitored during the post-transplantation period. When dosed orally, blood trough levels should be drawn approximately 12 hours post-dosing, just prior to the next dose. The frequency of blood level monitoring should be based on clinical needs. As Prograf is a medicinal product with low clearance, adjustments to the dosage regimen may take several days before changes in blood levels are apparent. Blood trough levels should be monitored approximately twice weekly during the early post-transplant period and then periodically during maintenance therapy. Blood trough levels of tacrolimus should also be monitored following dose adjustment, changes in the immunosuppressive regimen, or following co-administration of substances which may alter tacrolimus whole blood concentrations (see section 4.5).

Clinical study analysis suggests that the majority of patients can be successfully managed if tacrolimus blood trough levels are maintained below 20 ng/ml. It is necessary to consider the clinical condition of the patient when interpreting whole blood levels.

In clinical practice, whole blood trough levels have generally been in the range 5 - 20 ng/ml in liver transplant recipients and 10 - 20 ng/ml in kidney and heart transplant patients in the early post-transplant period. Subsequently, during maintenance therapy, blood concentrations have generally been in the range of 5 - 15 ng/ml in liver, kidney and heart transplant recipients.

Method of administration

It is recommended that the oral daily dose be administered in two divided doses (e.g., morning and evening). Capsules should be taken immediately following removal from the blister. Patients should be advised not to swallow the desiccant. The capsules should be swallowed with fluid (preferably water).

Capsules should generally be administered on an empty stomach or at least 1 hour before or 2 to 3 hours after a meal, to achieve maximal absorption (see section 5.2).

Duration of dosing

To suppress graft rejection, immunosuppression must be maintained; consequently, no limit to the duration of oral therapy can be given.

4.3. Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to tacrolimus or other macrolides.

Hypersensitivity to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

4.4. Special warnings and precautions for use

Medication errors, including inadvertent, unintentional or unsupervised substitution of immediate- or prolonged-release tacrolimus formulations, have been observed. This has led to serious adverse events, including graft rejection, or other side effects which could be a consequence of either under- or over-exposure to tacrolimus. Patients should be maintained on a single formulation of tacrolimus with the corresponding daily dosing regimen; alterations in formulation or regimen should only take place under the close supervision of a transplant specialist (see sections 4.2 and 4.8).

During the initial post-transplant period, monitoring of the following parameters should be undertaken on a routine basis: blood pressure, ECG, neurological and visual status, fasting blood glucose levels, electrolytes (particularly potassium), liver and renal function tests, haematology parameters, coagulation values, and plasma protein determinations. If clinically relevant changes are seen, adjustments of the immunosuppressive regimen should be considered.

Substances with potential for interaction

Inhibitors or inducers of CYP3A4 should only be co-administered with tacrolimus after consulting a transplant specialist, due to the potential for drug interactions resulting in serious adverse reactions including rejection or toxicity (see section 4.5).

CYP3A4 inhibitors

Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase tacrolimus blood levels, which could lead to serious adverse reactions, including nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and QT prolongation. It is recommended that concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as ritonavir, cobicistat, ketoconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, telithromycin, clarithromycin or josamycin) with tacrolimus should be avoided. If unavoidable, tacrolimus blood levels should be monitored frequently, starting within the first few days of coadministration, under the supervision of a transplant specialist, to adjust the tacrolimus dose if appropriate in order to maintain similar tacrolimus exposure. Renal function, ECG including the QT interval, and the clinical condition of the patient should also be closely monitored.

Dose adjustment needs to be based upon the individual situation of each patient. An immediate dose reduction at the time of treatment initiation may be required (see section 4.5).

Similarly, discontinuation of CYP3A4 inhibitors may affect the rate of metabolism of tacrolimus, thereby leading to subtherapeutic blood levels of tacrolimus, and therefore requires close monitoring and supervision of a transplant specialist.

CYP3A4 inducers

Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers may decrease tacrolimus blood levels, potentially increasing the risk of transplant rejection. It is recommended that concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inducers (such as rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine), with tacrolimus should be avoided. If unavoidable, tacrolimus blood levels should be monitored frequently, starting within the first few days of coadministration, under the supervision of a transplant specialist, to adjust the tacrolimus dose if appropriate, in order to maintain similar tacrolimus exposure. Graft function should also be closely monitored (see section 4.5).

Similarly, discontinuation of CYP3A4 inducers may affect the rate of metabolism of tacrolimus, thereby leading to supratherapeutic blood levels of tacrolimus, and therefore requires close monitoring and supervision of a transplant specialist.

P-glycoproteinCaution should be observed when co-administering tacrolimus with drugs that inhibit P-glycoprotein, as an increase in tacrolimus levels may occur. Tacrolimus whole blood levels and the clinical condition of the patient should be monitored closely. An adjustment of the tacrolimus dose may be required (see section 4.5).

Herbal preparations

Herbal preparations containing St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) or other herbal preparations should be avoided when taking Prograf due to the risk of interactions that lead to either a decrease in blood concentrations of tacrolimus and reduced clinical effect of tacrolimus, or an increase in blood concentrations of tacrolimus and risk of tacrolimus toxicity (see section 4.5).

Other interactions

The combined administration of ciclosporin and tacrolimus should be avoided and care should be taken when administering tacrolimus to patients who have previously received ciclosporin (see sections 4.2 and 4.5).

High potassium intake or potassium-sparing diuretics should be avoided (see section 4.5).

Certain combinations of tacrolimus with drugs known to have neurotoxic effects may increase the risk of these effects (see section 4.5).

Vaccination

Immunosuppressants may affect the response to vaccination and vaccination during treatment with tacrolimus may be less effective. The use of live attenuated vaccines should be avoided.

Nephrotoxicity

Tacrolimus can result in renal function impairment in post-transplant patients. Acute renal impairment without active intervention may progress to chronic renal impairment. Patients with impaired renal function should be monitored closely as the dosage of tacrolimus may need to be reduced. The risk for nephrotoxicity may increase when tacrolimus is concomitantly administered with drugs associated with nephrotoxicity (see section 4.5). Concurrent use of tacrolimus with drugs known to have nephrotoxic effects should be avoided. When co-administration cannot be avoided, tacrolimus trough blood level and renal function should be monitored closely and dosage reduction should be considered if nephrotoxicity occurs.

Gastrointestinal disorders

Gastrointestinal perforation has been reported in patients treated with tacrolimus. As gastrointestinal perforation is a medically important event that may lead to a life-threatening or serious condition, adequate treatments should be considered immediately after suspected symptoms or signs occur.

Since levels of tacrolimus in blood may significantly change during diarrhoea episodes, extra monitoring of tacrolimus concentrations is recommended during episodes of diarrhoea.

Cardiac disorders

Ventricular hypertrophy or hypertrophy of the septum, reported as cardiomyopathies, have been observed on rare occasions. Most cases have been reversible, occurring primarily in children with tacrolimus blood trough concentrations much higher than the recommended maximum levels. Other factors observed to increase the risk of these clinical conditions included pre-existing heart disease, corticosteroid usage, hypertension, renal or hepatic dysfunction, infections, fluid overload, and oedema. Accordingly, high-risk patients, particularly young children and those receiving substantial immunosuppression should be monitored, using such procedures as echocardiography or ECG pre- and post-transplant (e.g., initially at three months and then at 9-12 months). If abnormalities develop, dose reduction of Prograf therapy, or change of treatment to another immunosuppressive agent should be considered. Tacrolimus may prolong the QT interval and may cause Torsades de pointes. Caution should be exercised in patients with risk factors for QT prolongation, including patients with a personal or family history of QT prolongation, congestive heart failure, bradyarrhythmias and electrolyte abnormalities. Caution should also be exercised in patients diagnosed or suspected to have Congenital Long QT Syndrome or acquired QT prolongation or patients on concomitant medications known to prolong the QT interval, induce electrolyte abnormalities or known to increase tacrolimus exposure (see section 4.5).

Lymphoproliferative disorders and malignancies

Patients treated with Prograf have been reported to develop Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoproliferative disorders and other malignancies, including skin cancers and Kaposi's sarcoma (see section 4.8).

Patients switched to Prograf therapy should not receive anti-lymphocyte treatment concomitantly. Very young (< 2 years), EBV-VCA-negative children have been reported to have an increased risk of developing lymphoproliferative disorders. Therefore, in this patient group, EBV-VCA serology should be ascertained before starting treatment with Prograf. During treatment, careful monitoring with EBV-PCR is recommended. Positive EBV-PCR may persist for months and is per se not indicative of lymphoproliferative disease or lymphoma.

Kaposi's sarcoma, including cases with aggressive forms of disease and fatal outcomes, has been reported in patients receiving tacrolimus. In some cases, regression of Kaposi's sarcoma has been observed after reducing the intensity of immunosuppression.

As with other immunosuppressive agents, owing to the potential risk of malignant skin changes, exposure to sunlight and UV light should be limited by wearing protective clothing and using a sunscreen with a high protection factor.

As with other potent immunosuppressive compounds, the risk of secondary cancer is unknown.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)

Patients treated with tacrolimus have been reported to develop posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). If patients taking tacrolimus present with symptoms indicating PRES such as headache, altered mental status, seizures, and visual disturbances, a radiological procedure (e.g., MRI) should be performed. If PRES is diagnosed, adequate blood pressure and seizure control and immediate discontinuation of systemic tacrolimus is advised. Most patients completely recover after appropriate measures are taken.

Eye disorders

Eye disorders, sometimes progressing to loss of vision, have been reported in patients treated with tacrolimus. Some cases have reported resolution on switching to alternative immunosuppression. Patients should be advised to report changes in visual acuity, changes in colour vision, blurred vision, or visual field defect, and in such cases, prompt evaluation is recommended with referral to an ophthalmologist as appropriate.

Infections including opportunistic infections

Patients treated with immunosuppressants, including Prograf are at increased risk for infections including opportunistic infections (bacterial, fungal, viral and protozoal) such as CMV infection, BK virus associated nephropathy and JC virus associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Patients are also at an increased risk of infections with viral hepatitis (for example, hepatitis B and C reactivation and de novo infection, as well as hepatitis E, which may become chronic). These infections are often related to a high total immunosuppressive burden and may lead to serious or fatal conditions including graft rejection that physicians should consider in the differential diagnosis in immunosuppressed patients with deteriorating hepatic or renal function or neurological symptoms.

Prevention and management should be in accordance with appropriate clinical guidance.

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) (including haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP))

The diagnosis of TMA, including thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura (TTP) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), sometimes leading to renal failure or a fatal outcome, should be considered in patients presenting with haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, fatigue, fluctuating neurological manifestation, renal impairment, and fever. If TMA is diagnosed, prompt treatment is required, and discontinuation of tacrolimus should be considered at the discretion of the treating physician.

The concomitant administration of tacrolimus with a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor (e.g., sirolimus, everolimus) may increase the risk of thrombotic microangiopathy (including haemolytic uraemic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura).

Pure Red Cell Aplasia

Cases of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) have been reported in patients treated with tacrolimus. All patients reported risk factors for PRCA such as parvovirus B19 infection, underlying disease or concomitant medications associated with PRCA.

Special populations

There is limited experience in non-Caucasian patients and patients at elevated immunological risk (e.g., retransplantation, evidence of panel reactive antibodies, PRA).

Dose reduction may be necessary in patients with severe liver impairment (see section 4.2).

Excipients

As Prograf contains lactose, patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.

The printing ink used to mark Prograf capsules 0.5 mg and 1mg contains soya lecithin. In patients who are hypersensitive to peanut or soya, the risk and severity of hypersensitivity should be weighed against the benefit of using Prograf. This medicine contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per capsule, that is to say essentially 'sodium-free'.

4.5. Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Metabolic interactions

Systemically available tacrolimus is metabolised by hepatic CYP3A4. There is also evidence of gastrointestinal metabolism by CYP3A4 in the intestinal wall. Concomitant use of medicinal products or herbal remedies known to inhibit or induce CYP3A4 may affect the metabolism of tacrolimus and thereby increase or decrease tacrolimus blood levels. Similarly, discontinuation of such products or herbal remedies may affect the rate of metabolism of tacrolimus and thereby the blood levels of tacrolimus.

Pharmacokinetics studies have indicated that the increase in tacrolimus blood levels when co-administered with inhibitors of CYP3A4 is mainly a result of increase in oral bioavailability of tacrolimus owing to the inhibition of gastrointestinal metabolism. Effect on hepatic clearance is less pronounced.

It is recommended strongly to closely monitor tacrolimus blood levels under supervision of a transplant specialist, as well as monitor for graft function, QT prolongation (with ECG), renal function and other side effects including neurotoxicity, whenever substances which have the potential to alter CYP3A4 metabolism are used concomitantly and to adjust or interrupt the tacrolimus dose if appropriate in order to maintain similar tacrolimus exposure (see sections 4.2 and 4.4). Similarly, patients should be closely monitored when using tacrolimus concomitantly with multiple substances that affect CYP3A4 as the effects on tacrolimus exposure may be enhanced or counteracted.

Medicinal products which have effects on tacrolimus are listed in the table below. The examples of drug-drug interactions are not intended to be inclusive or comprehensive and therefore the label of each drug that is co-administered with tacrolimus should be consulted for information related to the route of metabolism, interaction pathways, potential risks, and specific actions to be taken with regards to co-administration.

Medicinal products which have effects on tacrolimus

Drug/Substance Class or Name

Drug interaction effect

Recommendations concerning co-administration

Grapefruit or grapefruit juice

May increase tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and increase the risk of serious adverse reactions (e.g., neurotoxicity, QT prolongation) [see section 4.4].

Avoid grapefruit or grapefruit juice.

Ciclosporin

May increase tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations. In addition, synergistic/additive nephrotoxic effects can occur.

The simultaneous use of ciclosporin and tacrolimus should be avoided [see section 4.4].

Products known to have nephrotoxic or neurotoxic effects:

aminoglycosides, gyrase inhibitors, vancomycin, sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim, NSAIDs, ganciclovir, acyclovir, amphotericin B, ibuprofen, cidofovir, foscarnet

May enhance nephrotoxic or neurotoxic effects of tacrolimus.

Concurrent use of tacrolimus with drugs known to have nephrotoxic effects should be avoided. When co-administration cannot be avoided, monitor renal function and other side effects and adjust tacrolimus dose if needed.

Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors:

antifungal agents (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole), the macrolide antibiotics (e.g., telithromycin, troleandomycin, clarithromycin, josamycin), HIV protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir), HCV protease inhibitors (e.g., telaprevir, boceprevir, and the combination of ombitasvir and paritaprevir with ritonavir, when used with and without dasabuvir), nefazodone, the pharmacokinetic enhancer cobicistat, and the kinase inhibitors idelalisib, ceritinib.

Strong interactions have also been observed with the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin.

May increase tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and increase the risk of serious adverse reactions (e.g., nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, QT prolongation) which requires close monitoring [see section 4.4].

Rapid and sharp increases in tacrolimus levels, may occur, as early as within 1-3 days after co-administration, despite immediate reduction of tacrolimus dose.

Overall tacrolimus exposure may increase >5 fold. When ritonavir combinations are co-administered, tacrolimus exposure may increase >50 fold.

Nearly all patients may require a reduction in tacrolimus dose and temporary interruption of tacrolimus may also be necessary.

The effect on tacrolimus blood concentrations may remain for several days after co-administration is completed.

It is recommended that concomitant use should be avoided. If co-administration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor is unavoidable, consider omitting the dose of tacrolimus the day the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor is initiated. Reinitiate tacrolimus the next day at a reduced dose based on tacrolimus blood concentrations. Changes in both tacrolimus dose and/or dosing frequency should be individualized and adjusted as needed based on tacrolimus trough concentrations, which should be assessed at initiation, monitored frequently throughout (starting within the first few days) and re-evaluated on and after completion of the CYP3A4 inhibitor. Upon completion, appropriate dose and dosing frequency of tacrolimus should be guided by tacrolimus blood concentrations. Monitor renal function, ECG for QT prolongation, and other side effects closely.

Moderate or weak CYP3A4 inhibitors:

antifungal agents (e.g., fluconazole, isavuconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole), the macrolide antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin), calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine, nicardipine, diltiazem, verapamil), amiodarone, danazol, ethinylestradiol, lansoprazole, omeprazole, the HCV antivirals elbasvir/grazoprevir and glecaprevir/pibrentasvir, the CMV antiviral letermovir, and the tyrosine kinase inhibitors nilotinib, crizotinib, imatinib and (Chinese) herbal remedies containing extracts of Schisandra sphenanthera

May increase tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and increase the risk of serious adverse reactions (e.g., neurotoxicity, QT prolongation) [see section 4.4]. A rapid increase in tacrolimus level may occur.

Monitor tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations frequently, starting within the first few days of co-administration. Reduce tacrolimus dose if needed [see section 4.2]. Monitor renal function, ECG for QT prolongation, and other side effects closely.

In vitro the following substances have been shown to be potential inhibitors of tacrolimus metabolism: bromocriptine, cortisone, dapsone, ergotamine, gestodene, lidocaine, mephenytoin, midazolam, nilvadipine, norethisterone, quinidine, tamoxifen

May increase tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and increase the risk of serious adverse reactions (e.g., neurotoxicity, QT prolongation) [see section 4.4].

Monitor tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and reduce tacrolimus dose if needed [see section 4.2].

Monitor renal function, ECG for QT prolongation, and other side effects closely.

Strong CYP3A4 inducers:

rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, apalutamide, enzalutamide, mitotane, or St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)

May decrease tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and increase the risk of rejection [see section 4.4].

Maximal effect on tacrolimus blood concentrations may be achieved 1-2 weeks after coadministration. The effect may remain 1-2 weeks after completion of the treatment.

It is recommended that concomitant use should be avoided. If unavoidable, patients may require an increase in tacrolimus dose. Changes in tacrolimus dose should be individualized and adjusted as needed based on tacrolimus trough concentrations, which should be assessed at initiation, monitored frequently throughout (starting within the first few days) and re-evaluated on and after completion of the CYP3A4 inducer. After use of the CYP3A4 inducer has ended, tacrolimus dose may need to be adjusted gradually. Monitor graft function closely.

Moderate CYP3A4 inducers:

metamizole, phenobarbital, isoniazid, rifabutin, efavirenz, etravirine, nevirapine; weak CYP3A4 inducers: flucloxacillin

May decrease tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and increase the risk of rejection [see section 4.4].

Monitor tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and increase tacrolimus dose if needed [see section 4.2].

Monitor graft function closely.

Caspofungin

May decrease tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and increase the risk of rejection. Mechanism of interaction has not been confirmed.

Monitor tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and increase tacrolimus dose if needed [see section 4.2]. Monitor graft function closely.

Cannabidiol (P-gp inhibitor)

There have been reports of increased tacrolimus blood levels during concomitant use of tacrolimus with cannabidiol. This may be due to inhibition of intestinal P-glycoprotein, leading to increased bioavailability of tacrolimus.

Tacrolimus and cannabidiol should be co-administered with caution, closely monitoring for side effects. Monitor tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and adjust the tacrolimus dose if needed [see sections 4.2 and 4.4].

Products known to have high affinity for plasma proteins, e.g.,: NSAIDs, oral anticoagulants, oral antidiabetics

Tacrolimus is extensively bound to plasma proteins. Possible interactions with other active substances known to have high affinity for plasma proteins should be considered.

Monitor tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and adjust tacrolimus dose if needed [see section 4.2].

Prokinetic agents: metoclopramide, cimetidine and magnesium-aluminium-hydroxide

May increase tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and increase the risk of serious adverse reactions (e.g., neurotoxicity, QT prolongation).

Monitor tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and reduce tacrolimus dose if needed [see section 4.2].

Monitor closely for renal function, for QT prolongation with ECG, and for other side effects.

Maintenance doses of corticosteroids

May decrease tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and increase the risk of rejection [see section 4.4].

Monitor tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and increase tacrolimus dose if needed [see section 4.2].

Monitor graft function closely.

High dose prednisolone or methylprednisolone

May have impact on tacrolimus blood levels (increase or decrease) when administered for the treatment of acute rejection.

Monitor tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and adjust tacrolimus dose if needed.

Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy

May have impact on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus by changes in liver function during DAA therapy, related to clearance of hepatitis virus. A decrease in tacrolimus blood levels may occur. However, the CYP3A4 inhibiting potential of some DAAs may counteract that effect or lead to increased tacrolimus blood levels.

Monitor tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations and adjust tacrolimus dose if needed to ensure continued efficacy and safety.

Concomitant administration of tacrolimus with a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor (e.g., sirolimus, everolimus) may increase the risk of thrombotic microangiopathy (including haemolytic uraemic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura) (see section 4.4).

As tacrolimus treatment may be associated with hyperkalaemia, or may increase pre-existing hyperkalaemia, high potassium intake, or potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., amiloride, triamterene, or spironolactone) should be avoided (see section 4.4). Care should be taken when tacrolimus is co-administered with other agents that increase serum potassium, such as trimethoprim and cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole), as trimethoprim is known to act as a potassium-sparing diuretic like amiloride. Close monitoring of serum potassium is recommended.

Effect of tacrolimus on the metabolism of other medicinal products

Tacrolimus is a known CYP3A4 inhibitor; thus concomitant use of tacrolimus with medicinal products known to be metabolised by CYP3A4 may affect the metabolism of such medicinal products.

The half-life of ciclosporin is prolonged when tacrolimus is given concomitantly. In addition, synergistic/additive nephrotoxic effects can occur. For these reasons, the combined administration of ciclosporin and tacrolimus is not recommended and care should be taken when administering tacrolimus to patients who have previously received ciclosporin (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).

Tacrolimus has been shown to increase the blood level of phenytoin.

As tacrolimus may reduce the clearance of steroid-based contraceptives leading to increased hormone exposure, particular care should be exercised when deciding upon contraceptive measures.

Limited knowledge of interactions between tacrolimus and statins is available. Available data suggests that the pharmacokinetics of statins are largely unaltered by the co-administration of tacrolimus.

Animal data have shown that tacrolimus could potentially decrease the clearance and increase the half-life of pentobarbital and phenazone.

Mycophenolic acid. Caution should be exercised when switching combination therapy from ciclosporin, which interferes with enterohepatic recirculation of mycophenolic acid, to tacrolimus, which is devoid of this effect, as this might result in changes of mycophenolic acid exposure. Drugs which interfere with mycophenolic acid's enterohepatic cycle have potential to reduce the plasma level and efficacy of mycophenolic acid. Therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolic acid may be appropriate when switching from ciclosporin to tacrolimus or vice versa.

Immunosuppressants may affect the response to vaccination and vaccination during treatment with tacrolimus may be less effective. The use of live attenuated vaccines should be avoided (see section 4.4).

4.6. Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy

Data from women show that tacrolimus crosses the placenta. There is a risk for hyperkalaemia in the newborn (e.g., incidence in neonates of 7.2%, i.e., 8 of 111) which tends to normalise spontaneously. Tacrolimus treatment can be considered in pregnant women, when there is no safer alternative and when the perceived benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus. In case of in utero exposure, monitoring of the newborn for the potential adverse effects of tacrolimus is recommended (in particular the effects on the kidneys).

Results from a non-interventional post-authorisation safety study [EUPAS37025]

A post-authorisation safety study analysed 2,905 pregnancies from the Transplant Pregnancy Registry International (TPRI), assessing outcomes in women treated with tacrolimus (383 reported prospectively, including 247 kidney and 136 liver transplant patients), and those on other immunosuppressants. Based on limited data (289 prospectively-reported pregnancies with 1st trimester tacrolimus exposure), study results did not indicate an increased risk of major malformations. A higher prevalence of spontaneous abortion was observed among women treated with tacrolimus compared with alternative immunosuppressants. Among kidney transplant patients there was also a higher prevalence of pre-eclampsia in women treated with tacrolimus. However, overall, there were insufficient evidence to conclude on the risk of these outcomes. Among kidney and liver transplant patients exposed to tacrolimus, 45% - 55% of their live births were premature, with 75% - 85% having a normal birth weight for gestational age. Similar results were observed for other immunosuppressants, although conclusions were hindered by limited evidence.

In rats and rabbits, tacrolimus caused embryofoetal toxicity at doses which demonstrated maternal toxicity (see section 5.3).

Breast-feeding

Human data demonstrate that tacrolimus is excreted into breast milk. As detrimental effects on the newborn cannot be excluded, women should not breast-feed whilst receiving Prograf.

Fertility

A negative effect of tacrolimus on male fertility in the form of reduced sperm counts and motility was observed in rats (see section 5.3).

4.7. Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Tacrolimus may cause visual and neurological disturbances. This effect may be enhanced if Prograf is administered in association with alcohol.

No studies on the effects of tacrolimus (Prograf) on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed.

4.8. Undesirable effects

The adverse drug reaction profile associated with immunosuppressive agents is often difficult to establish owing to the underlying disease and the concurrent use of multiple medications.

The most commonly reported adverse reactions (occurring in > 10% of patients) are tremor, renal impairment, hyperglycaemic conditions, diabetes mellitus, hyperkalaemia, infections, hypertension and insomnia.

Oral administration appears to be associated with a lower incidence of adverse drug reactions compared with intravenous use. Adverse drug reactions are listed below in descending order by frequency of occurrence: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100, <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000, <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000, <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Infections and infestations

As is well known for other potent immunosuppressive agents, patients receiving tacrolimus are frequently at increased risk for infections (viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal). The course of pre-existing infections may be aggravated. Both generalised and localised infections can occur.

Cases of CMV infection, BK virus associated nephropathy, as well as cases of JC virus associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), have been reported in patients treated with immunosuppressants, including Prograf.

Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl. cysts and polyps)

Patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy are at increased risk of developing malignancies. Benign as well as malignant neoplasms including EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders, skin malignancies and Kaposi's sarcoma have been reported in association with tacrolimus treatment.

Blood and lymphatic system disorders

common:

anaemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, red blood cell analyses abnormal

uncommon:

coagulopathies, coagulation and bleeding analyses abnormal, pancytopenia, neutropenia, thrombotic microangiopathy

rare:

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hypoprothrombinaemia

not known:

pure red cell aplasia, agranulocytosis, haemolytic anaemia, febrile neutropenia

Immune system disorders

Allergic and anaphylactoid reactions have been observed in patients receiving tacrolimus (see section 4.4 under Excipients).

Endocrine disorders

rare:

hirsutism

Metabolism and nutrition disorders

very common:

hyperglycaemic conditions, diabetes mellitus, hyperkalaemia

common:

hypomagnesaemia, hypophosphataemia, hypokalaemia, hypocalcaemia, hyponatraemia, fluid overload, hyperuricaemia, appetite decreased, metabolic acidoses, hyperlipidaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, other electrolyte abnormalities

uncommon:

dehydration, hypoproteinaemia, hyperphosphataemia, hypoglycaemia

Psychiatric disorders

very common:

insomnia

common:

anxiety symptoms, confusion and disorientation, depression, depressed mood, mood disorders and disturbances, nightmare, hallucination, mental disorders

uncommon:

psychotic disorder

Nervous system disorders

very common:

tremor, headache

common:

seizures, disturbances in consciousness, paraesthesias and dysaesthesias, peripheral neuropathies, dizziness, writing impaired, nervous system disorders

uncommon:

coma, central nervous system haemorrhages and cerebrovascular accidents, paralysis and paresis, encephalopathy, speech and language abnormalities, amnesia

rare:

hypertonia

very rare:

myasthenia

not known:

posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)

Eye disorders

common:

vision blurred, photophobia, eye disorders

uncommon:

cataract

rare:

blindness

not known:

optic neuropathy

Ear and labyrinth disorders

common:

tinnitus

uncommon:

hypoacusis

rare:

deafness neurosensory

very rare:

hearing impaired

Cardiac disorders

common:

ischaemic coronary artery disorders, tachycardia

uncommon:

ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, heart failures, cardiomyopathies, ventricular hypertrophy, supraventricular arrhythmias, palpitations

rare:

pericardial effusion

very rare:

Torsades de pointes

Vascular disorders

very common:

hypertension

common:

haemorrhage, thromboembolic and ischaemic events, peripheral vascular disorders, vascular hypotensive disorders

uncommon:

infarction, venous thrombosis deep limb, shock

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders

common:

dyspnoea, parenchymal lung disorders, pleural effusion, pharyngitis, cough, nasal congestion and inflammations

uncommon:

respiratory failures, respiratory tract disorders, asthma

rare:

acute respiratory distress syndrome

Gastrointestinal disorders

very common:

diarrhoea, nausea

common:

gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions, gastrointestinal ulceration and perforation, gastrointestinal haemorrhages, stomatitis and ulceration, ascites, vomiting, gastrointestinal and abdominal pains, dyspeptic signs and symptoms, constipation, flatulence, bloating and distension, loose stools, gastrointestinal signs and symptoms

uncommon:

ileus paralytic, acute and chronic pancreatitis, gastrooesophageal reflux disease, impaired gastric emptying

rare:

subileus, pancreatic pseudocyst

Hepatobiliary disorders

common:

cholestasis and jaundice, hepatocellular damage and hepatitis, cholangitis

rare:

hepatic artery thrombosis, venoocclusive liver disease

very rare:

hepatic failure, bile duct stenosis

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

common:

pruritus, rash, alopecias, acne, sweating increased

uncommon:

dermatitis, photosensitivity

rare:

toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's syndrome)

very rare:

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders

common:

arthralgia, muscle spasms, pain in extremity, back pain

uncommon:

joint disorders

rare:

mobility decreased

Renal and urinary disorders

very common:

renal impairment

common:

renal failure, renal failure acute, oliguria, renal tubular necrosis, nephropathy toxic, urinary abnormalities, bladder and urethral symptoms

uncommon:

anuria, haemolytic uraemic syndrome

very rare:

nephropathy, cystitis haemorrhagic

Reproductive system and breast disorders

uncommon:

dysmenorrhoea and uterine bleeding

General disorders and administration site conditions

common:

asthenic conditions, febrile disorders, oedema, pain and discomfort, body temperature perception disturbed

uncommon:

multi-organ failure, influenza like illness, temperature intolerance, chest pressure sensation, feeling jittery, feeling abnormal

rare:

thirst, fall, chest tightness, ulcer

very rare:

fat tissue increased

Investigations

very common:

liver function tests abnormal

common:

blood alkaline phosphatase increased, weight increased

uncommon:

amylase increased, ECG investigations abnormal, heart rate and pulse investigations abnormal, weight decreased, blood lactate dehydrogenase increased

very rare:

echocardiogram abnormal, electrocardiogram QT prolonged

Injury, poisoning and procedural complications

common:

primary graft dysfunction

Medication errors, including inadvertent, unintentional or unsupervised substitution of immediate- or prolonged-release tacrolimus formulations, have been observed. A number of associated cases of transplant rejection have been reported (frequency cannot be estimated from available data).

Description of selected adverse reactions

Pain in extremity has been described in a number of published case reports as part of Calcineurin-Inhibitor Induced Pain Syndrome (CIPS). This typically presents as a bilateral and symmetrical, severe, ascending pain in the lower extremities and may be associated with supra-therapeutic levels of tacrolimus. The syndrome may respond to tacrolimus dose reduction. In some cases, it was necessary to switch to alternative immunosuppression.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

4.9. Overdose

Experience with overdosage is limited. Several cases of accidental overdosage have been reported; symptoms have included tremor, headache, nausea and vomiting, infections, urticaria, lethargy, increased blood urea nitrogen and elevated serum creatinine concentrations, and increase in alanine aminotransferase levels.

No specific antidote to Prograf therapy is available. If overdosage occurs, general supportive measures and symptomatic treatment should be conducted.

Based on its high molecular weight, poor aqueous solubility, and extensive erythrocyte and plasma protein binding, it is anticipated that tacrolimus will not be dialysable. In isolated patients with very high plasma levels, haemofiltration or -diafiltration have been effective in reducing toxic concentrations. In cases of oral intoxication, gastric lavage and/or the use of adsorbents (such as activated charcoal) may be helpful, if used shortly after intake.