4.1. Therapeutic indications

Metronidazole Oral Suspension is indicated in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections in which anaerobic bacteria have been identified or are suspected as the pathogen.

Metronidazole Oral Suspension is active against a wide range of pathogenic micro-organisms, notably Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli and other species of bacteroides, fusobacteria, eubacteria, clostridia, gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobic cocci.

It is indicated in

Adults, Children and Newborns with a gestation age of over 40 weeks for:

• The treatment of septicaemia, bacteraemia, brain abscess, necrotising pneumonia, osteomyelitis, puerperal sepsis, pelvic abscess, pelvic cellulitis, peritonitis and post-operative wound infections from which one or more pathogenic anaerobes have been isolated.

• The prevention of post-operative infections caused by anaerobic bacteria particularly species of bacteroides and anaerobic streptococci.

Adults and Children over 10 years only for:

• Bacterial vaginosis (also known as non-specific vaginitis, anaerobic vaginitis or Gardnerella vaginitis).

• Acute dental infections (e.g. acute pericoronitis and acute apical infections).

• Anaerobically infected leg ulcers and pressure sores.

Adults and Children for:

• The treatment of urogenital trichomoniasis in the female (trichomonal vaginitis) and in the male.

• All forms of amoebiasis (intestinal and extra-intestinal disease and that of symptomless cyst passers)

• Giardiasis

• Acute ulcerative gingivitis.

Children for

• Eradication of Helicobacter pylori

Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.

4.2. Posology and method of administration

Posology

A: Prophylaxis: against anaerobic infection- chiefly in the context of abdominal (especially colorectal) and gynaecological surgery.

Dosage: 400mg at 8 hourly intervals during the 24 hours preceding the operation followed by postoperative intravenous or rectal administration until the patient is able to take Metronidazole Oral Suspension by mouth.

Children < 12 years: 20 – 30mg/kg as a single dose given 1 – 2 hours before surgery.

Newborns with a gestation age <40 weeks: 10mg/kg body weight as a single dose before operation.

Elderly: Caution is advised in the elderly, particularly at high doses, although there is limited information available on modification of drug.

Anaerobic infections: The duration of a course of Metronidazole treatment is about 7 days but it will depend upon the seriousness of the patient's condition as assessed clinically and bacteriologically.

B: Treatment of established anaerobic infection:

800mg followed by 400mg at 8 hourly intervals.

Children > 8 weeks to 12 years of age: The usual daily dose is 20 – 30mg/kg/day as a single dose or divided into 7.5mg/kg every 8 hours. The daily dose may be increased to 40mg/kg, depending on the severity of the infection. Duration of treatment is usually 7 days.

Children < 8 weeks of age: 15mg/kg as a single dose daily or divided into 7.5mg/kg every 12 hours.

In newborns with a gestation age <40 weeks, accumulation of metronidazole can occur during the first week of life, which is why the concentrations of metronidazole in serum should preferably be monitored after a few days therapy.

C: Treatment of Protozoal and Other Infections:

(See Table).

Duration of dosage in days

Adults and children over 10 years**

Children*

7-10 years

3-7 years

1-3 years

Urogenital Trichomoniasis

Where re-infection is likely, in adults the consort should receive a similar course of treatment concurrently

7

or

200mg three times daily

40mg/kg orally as a single dose or 15 – 30mg/kg/day divided in 2 – 3 doses not to exceed 2000mg/dose

5 - 7

or

400mg twice daily

1

2000mg as a single dose

Bacterial Vaginosis

5 - 7

or

400mg twice daily

1

2000mg as a single dose

Amoebiasis

(a) Invasive intestinal disease in susceptible subjects

5

800 mg three times daily

400 mg three times daily

200 mg four times daily

200 mg three times daily

(b) Intestinal disease in less susceptible subjects and chronic amoebic hepatitis

5-10

400 mg three times daily

200 mg three times daily

100 mg four times daily

100 mg three times daily

(c) Amoebic liver abscess also other forms of extra-intestinal amoebiasis

5

400 mg three times daily

200 mg three times daily

100 mg four times daily

100 mg three times daily

(d) Symptomless cyst passers

5-10

400-800 mg three times daily

200-400 mg three times daily

100-200 mg four times daily

100-200 mg three times daily

Alternatively, doses may be expressed by body weight

35 to 50mg/kg daily in 3 divided doses for 5 to 10 days, not to exceed 2400mg/day

Giardiasis

3

or

2000mg once daily

1000mg once daily

600-800mg once daily

500mg once daily

5

or

400mg three times daily

7 - 10

500mg twice daily

Alternatively, as expressed in mg per kg of body weight:

15 – 40mg/kg/day divided in 2 – 3 doses.

Acute Ulcerative Gingivitis

3

200mg three times daily

100mg three times daily

100mg twice daily

50mg three times

Acute Dental Infections

3-7

200mg three times daily

Leg Ulcers and Pressure Sores

7

400mg three times daily

Dosage is given in terms of metronidazole or metronidazole equivalent.

* Children and babies weighing less than 10Kg should receive proportionally smaller doses.

** Metronidazole is well tolerated by the elderly, but a pharmacokinetic study suggests cautious use of high dosage regimen in this age group.

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in paediatric patients:

As a part of combination therapy, 20mg/kg/day not to exceed 500mg twice daily for 7 – 14 days. Official guidelines should be consulted before initiating therapy.

Method of administration

For oral administration only.

4.3. Contraindications

Known hypersensitivity to Metronidazole, nitroimidazoles and/or hydroxybenzoates or any of the excipients.

4.4. Special warnings and precautions for use

Regular clinical and laboratory monitoring (especially leucocyte count) are advised if administration of Metronidazole for more than 10 days is considered to be necessary and patients should be monitored for adverse reactions such as peripheral or central neuropathy (such as paraesthesia, ataxia, dizziness, convulsive seizures).

There is the possibility that after Trichomonas vaginalis has been eliminated a gonococcal infection might persist.

The elimination half-life of metronidazole remains unchanged in the presence of renal failure. The dosage of metronidazole therefore needs no reduction. Such patients however, retain the metabolites of metronidazole. The clinical significance of this is not known at present.

In patients undergoing haemodialysis, metronidazole and metabolites are efficiently removed during an eight-hour period of dialysis. Metronidazole should therefore, be re-administered immediately after haemodialysis.

No routine adjustment in the dosage of Metronidazole need be made in patients with renal failure undergoing intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).

Metronidazole is mainly metabolised by hepatic oxidation. Substantial impairment of metronidazole clearance may occur in the presence of advanced hepatic insufficiency.

Significant cumulation may occur in patients with hepatic encephalopathy and the resulting high plasma concentrations of metronidazole may contribute to the symptoms of encephalopathy.

Metronidazole should be administered with caution to patients with hepatic encephalopathy. The daily dosage may be reduced to one third and may be administered once daily.

Metronidazole should be used with caution in patients with active or chronic severe peripheral and central nervous system disease due to the risk of neurological aggravation.

Patients should be warned that metronidazole may darken urine.

Due to inadequate evidence on the mutagenicity risk in humans (see section 5.3), the use of Metronidazole for longer treatment than usually required should be carefully considered.

Hepatotoxicity in patients with Cockayne Syndrome

Cases of severe hepatotoxicity/acute hepatic failure, including cases with a fatal outcome with very rapid onset after treatment initiation in patients with Cockayne syndrome have been reported with products containing metronidazole for systemic use. In this population, metronidazole should not be used unless the benefit is considered to outweigh the risk and if no alternative treatment is available. Liver function tests must be performed just prior to the start of therapy, throughout and after end of treatment until liver function is within normal ranges, or until the baseline values are reached. If the liver function tests become markedly elevated during treatment, the drug should be discontinued.

Patients with Cockayne syndrome should be advised to immediately report any symptoms of potential liver injury to their physician and stop taking metronidazole (see section 4.8).

Cases of severe bullous skin reactions such as Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) or acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) have been reported with metronidazole. If symptoms or signs of SJS, TEN or AGEP are present, treatment with metronidazole must be immediately discontinued

Excipient Warnings

This medicine contains 113.7 mg sorbitol (E420) in each ml.

• The additive effect of concomitantly administered products containing sorbitol (or fructose) and dietary intake of sorbitol (or fructose) should be taken into account. The content of sorbitol in medicinal products for oral use may affect the bioavailability of other medicinal products for oral use administered concomitantly.

• Patients with hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) should not take/be given this medicinal product.

This medicine contains 220mg of glucose and 125mg of sucrose in each ml. Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency should not take this medicine.

This medicine contains 31.1 mg propylene glycol (E1520) in each ml.

• Co-administration with any substrate for alcohol dehydrogenase such as ethanol may induce adverse effects in children less than 5 years old.

• While propylene glycol has not been shown to cause reproductive or developmental toxicity in animals or humans, it may reach the foetus and was found in milk. As a consequence, administration of propylene glycol to pregnant or lactating patients should be considered on a case by case basis.

• Medical monitoring is required in patients with impaired renal or hepatic functions because various adverse events attributed to propylene glycol have been reported such as renal dysfunction (acute tubular necrosis), acute renal failure and liver dysfunction.

This medicine contains methyl, ethyl and propyl hydroxybenzoates are contained in this product which may cause allergic reactions (possibly delayed).

4.5. Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Patients should be advised not to take alcohol during metronidazole therapy and for at least 48 hours afterwards because of the possibility of a disulfiram-like (antabuse effect) reaction.

Psychotic reactions have been reported in patients who were using metronidazole and disulfiram concurrently.

Some potentiation of anticoagulant therapy has been reported when metronidazole has been used with the warfarin type oral anti-coagulants. Dosage of the anticoagulant may require reducing. Prothrombin time should be monitored. No interactions have been reported of the heparin type.

Lithium retention accompanied by evidence of possible renal damage has been reported in patients treated simultaneously with lithium and metronidazole. Lithium treatment should be tapered or withdrawn before administering metronidazole. Plasma concentration of lithium, creatinine and electrolytes should be monitored in patients under treatment with lithium while they receive metronidazole.

Patients receiving phenobarbital or phenytoin metabolise metronidazole at a much greater rate than normally, reducing the half life to approximately three hours.

Increased serum carbamazepine levels and toxicity have been seen in patients given concomitant metronidazole.

Aspartate amino transferase assays may give spuriously low values in patients taking metronidazole, depending on the method used.

Clinicians who contemplate continuous therapy for the relief of chronic conditions, for periods no longer than those recommended, are advised to consider the possible therapeutic benefit against the risk of peripheral neuropathy.

Metronidazole reduces the clearance of 5-fluorouracil and can therefore result in increased toxicity of 5-fluorouracil.

Patients receiving ciclosporin or tacrolimus with metronidazole are at risk of elevated ciclosporin / tacrolimus serum levels. Serum ciclosporin / tacrolimus and serum creatinine should be closely monitored when coadministration is necessary.

Plasma levels of busulfan may be increased by metronidazole which may lead to severe busulfan toxicity.

4.6. Pregnancy and lactation

There is inadequate evidence of the safety of metronidazole in pregnancy. Metronidazole should not therefore be given during pregnancy or during lactation unless the physician considers it essential, in these circumstances short, high dosage regimes are not recommended.

A significant amount of metronidazole is found in breast milk and breast feeding should be avoided after a large dose. This could give a bitter taste to the milk.

4.7. Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Patients should be warned about the potential for drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, convulsions or transient visual disorders, and advised not to drive or operate machinery if these symptoms occur.

4.8. Undesirable effects

The frequency of adverse events listed below is defined using the following convention:

very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000); very rare (< 1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Frequency, type and severity of adverse reactions in children are the same as in adults.

Serious adverse reactions occur very rarely with standard recommended regimens. However, clinicians who contemplate continuous therapy for the relief of chronic conditions, for periods longer than those recommended are advised to consider the possible therapeutic benefit against the risk of peripheral neuropathy.

Blood and lymphatic system disorders:

Very rare:

agranulocytosis, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and pancytopenia, often reversible on drug withdrawal, although fatalities have occurred.

Not known:

A moderate leucopenia has been reported in some patients but the white cell count has always returned to normal before or after treatment has been completed.

Immune system disorders:

Rare:

Anaphylaxis

Not known:

urticaria, angioedema and fever

Metabolism and nutrition disorders:

Not known:

anorexia

Psychiatric disorders:

Very rare:

psychotic disorders, including confusion and hallucinations

Not known:

depressed mood

Nervous system disorders:

Very rare:

• Encephalopathy (eg. confusion, fever, headache, hallucinations, paralysis, light sensitivity, disturbances in sight and movement, stiff neck) and subacute cerebellar syndrome (eg. ataxia, dysathria, gait impairment, nystagmus and tremor) have been reported very rarely which may resolve on discontinuation of the drug

• Drowsiness, dizziness, convulsions, headache, ataxia, inco-ordination of movement

Not known:

• During intensive and/or prolonged metronidazole therapy a few instances of peripheral neuropathy or transient epileptiform seizures have been reported. In most cases neuropathy disappeared after treatment was stopped or when dosage was reduced.

• Aseptic meningitis has been reported

Eye disorders:

Very rare:

transient visual disorders such as diplopia and myopia have been reported

Not known:

Optic neuropathy/neuritis has been reported

Ear and labyrinth disorders:

Not known:

hearing impaired/hearing loss (including sensorineural), tinnitus

Gastrointestinal disorders:

Not known:

Unpleasant taste in the mouth, oral mucositis, furred tongue, nausea, vomiting, gastro-intestinal disturbances such as epigastric pain and diarrhoea.

Hepatobiliary disorders:

Very rare:

• Abnormal liver function tests, increase in liver enzymes (AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase), cholestatic or mixed hepatitis, and hepatocellular liver injury, jaundice and pancreatitis, reversible on drug withdrawal have been reported.

• Cases of liver failure requiring liver transplant have been reported in patients treated with metronidazole in combination with other antibiotic drugs.

• Cases of severe irreversible hepatotoxicity/acute liver failure, including cases with fatal outcomes with very rapid onset after initiation of systemic use of metronidazole, have been reported in patients with Cockayne Syndrome (see section 4.4).

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:

Very rare:

skin rashes, pustular eruptions, acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis, pruritus, flushing

Not known:

Erythema multiforme may occur, which may be reversed on drug withdrawal. Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis, fixed drug eruption.

Musculoskeletal, connective tissue and bone disorders:

Very rare:

myalgia, arthralgia

Renal and urinary disorders:

Very rare:

darkening of the urine (due to metronidazole metabolite)

Metronidazole Oral Suspension contains glycerol, which can cause headache, gastro-intestinal disturbance and diarrhoea.

The parahydroxybenzoates used in Metronidazole Oral Suspension may cause immediate or delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

4.9. Overdose

Single oral doses of metronidazole, up to 12g have been reported in suicide attempts and accidental overdoses. Symptoms were limited to vomiting, ataxia and slight disorientation. There is no specific antidote for metronidazole overdosage. In cases of suspected massive overdose, symptomatic and supportive treatment should be instituted.