4.1. Therapeutic indications

Eplerenone is indicated:

• in addition to standard therapy including beta-blockers, to reduce the risk of cardiovascular (CV) mortality and morbidity in stable patients with left ventricular dysfunction (LVEF ≤ 40%) and clinical evidence of heart failure after recent myocardial infarction (MI).

• in addition to standard optimal therapy,to reduce the risk of CV mortality and morbidity in adult patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II (chronic) heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVEF ≤ 30%) (see section 5.1).

4.2. Posology and method of administration

Posology

For the individual adjustment of dose, the strengths of 25 mg and 50 mg are available. The maximum dose regimen is 50 mg daily.

For post-MI heart failure patients

The recommended maintenance dose of eplerenone is 50 mg once daily (OD). Treatment should be initiated at 25 mg once daily and titrated to the target dose of 50 mg once daily preferably within 4 weeks, taking into account the serum potassium level (see Table 1). Eplerenone therapy should usually be started within 3-14 days after an acute MI.

For patients with NYHA class II (chronic) heart failure

For chronic heart failure NYHA class II patients, treatment should be initiated at a dose of 25 mg once daily and titrated to the target dose of 50 mg once daily preferably within 4 weeks; taking into account the serum potassium level (see Table 1 and section 4.4).

Patients with a serum potassium of > 5.0 mmol/L should not be started on eplerenone (see section 4.3).

Serum potassium should be measured before initiating eplerenone therapy, within the first week and at one month after the start of treatment or dose adjustment. Serum potassium should be assessed as needed periodically thereafter.

After initiation, the dose should be adjusted based on the serum potassium level as shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Dose adjustment table after initiation

Serum potassium (mmol/L)

Action

Dose adjustment

< 5.0

Increase

25 mg EOD* to 25 mg OD

25 mg OD to 50 mg OD

5.0 - 5.4

Maintain

No dose adjustment

5.5 - 5.9

Decrease

50 mg OD to 25 mg OD

25 mg OD to 25 mg EOD*

25 mg EOD* to withhold

≥ 6.0

Withhold

N/A

* EOD: Every Other Day

Following withholding eplerenone due to serum potassium ≥ 6.0 mmol/L, eplerenone can be re-started at a dose of 25 mg every other day when potassium levels have fallen below 5.0 mmol/L.

Paediatric population

The safety and efficacy of eplerenone in children and adolescents have not been established. Currently available data are described in section 5.1 and 5.2.

Elderly

No initial dose adjustment is required in the elderly. Due to an age-related decline in renal function, the risk of hyperkalaemia is increased in elderly patients. This risk may be further increased when co-morbidity associated with increased systemic exposure is also present, in particular mild-to-moderate hepatic impairment. Periodic monitoring of serum potassium is recommended (see section 4.4).

Renal impairment

No initial dose adjustment is required in patients with mild renal impairment. Periodic monitoring of serum potassium with dose adjustment according to Table 1 is recommended.

Patients with moderate renal impairment (CrCl 30 - 60 mL/min) should be started at 25 mg every other day and dose should be adjusted based on the potassium level (see Table 1). Periodic monitoring of serum potassium is recommended (see section 4.4).

There is no experience in patients with CrCl <50 mL/min with post MI heart failure. The use of eplerenone in these patients should be done cautiously. Doses above 25 mg daily have not been studied in patients with CrCl <50 mL/min.

Use in patients with severe renal impairment (CrCl < 30 mL/min) is contraindicated (see section 4.3).

Eplerenone is not dialysable.

Hepatic impairment

No initial dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild-to-moderate hepatic impairment. Due to an increased systemic exposure to eplerenone in patients with mild-to-moderate hepatic impairment, frequent and regular monitoring of serum potassium is recommended in these patients, especially when elderly (see section 4.4).

Concomitant treatment

In case of concomitant treatment with mild to moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors, e.g. amiodarone, diltiazem and verapamil, the dose of 25 mg OD may be initiated. Dosing should not exceed 25 mg OD (see section 4.5).

Eplerenone may be administered with or without food (see section 5.2).

4.3. Contraindications

• Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1

• Patients with serum potassium level > 5.0 mmol/L at initiation

• Patients with severe renal insufficiency (eGFR <30 mL per minute per 1.73 m²)

• Patients with severe hepatic insufficiency (Child-Pugh class C)

• Patients receiving potassium-sparing diuretics or strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 (e.g., itraconazole, ketoconazole, ritonavir, nelfinavir, clarithromycin, telithromycin and nefazodone) (see section 4.5)

• The combination of an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) with eplerenone

4.4. Special warnings and precautions for use

Hyperkalaemia:

Consistent with its mechanism of action, hyperkalaemia may occur with eplerenone. Serum potassium levels should be monitored in all patients at initiation of treatment and with a change in dosage. Thereafter, periodic monitoring is recommended especially in patients at risk for the development of hyperkalaemia, such as elderly patients, patients with renal insufficiency (see section 4.2) and patients with diabetes. The use of potassium supplements after initiation of eplerenone therapy is not recommended, due to an increased risk of hyperkalaemia. Dose reduction of eplerenone has been shown to decrease serum potassium levels. In one study, the addition of hydrochlorothiazide to eplerenone therapy has been shown to offset increases in serum potassium.

The risk of hyperkalaemia may increase when eplerenone is used in combination with an ACE inhibitor and/or an ARB. The combination of an ACE inhibitor and an ARB with eplerenone should not be used (see sections 4.3 and 4.5).

Impaired renal function:

Potassium levels should be monitored regularly in patients with impaired renal function, including diabetic microalbuminuria. The risk of hyperkalaemia increases with decreasing renal function. While the data from Eplerenone Post-acute Myocardial Infarction Heart failure Efficacy and Survival Study (EPHESUS) in patients with Type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria is limited, an increased occurrence of hyperkalaemia was observed in this small number of patients. Therefore, these patients should be treated with caution. Eplerenone is not removed by haemodialysis.

Impaired hepatic function:

No elevations of serum potassium above 5.5 mmol/L were observed in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh class A and B). Electrolyte levels should be monitored in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. The use of eplerenone in patients with severe hepatic impairment has not been evaluated and its use is therefore contraindicated (see sections 4.2 and 4.3).

CYP3A4 inducers:

Co-administration of eplerenone with strong CYP3A4 inducers is not recommended (see section 4.5).

Lithium, cyclosporin, tacrolimus should be avoided during treatment with eplerenone (see section 4.5).

Lactose:

The tablets contain lactose and should not be administered in patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucosegalactose malabsorption.

Sodium

This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet, that is to say essentially 'sodium-free'.

4.5. Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Pharmacodynamic interactions

Potassium-sparing diuretics and potassium supplements

Due to increased risk of hyperkalaemia, eplerenone should not be administered to patients receiving other potassium-sparing diuretics and potassium supplements (see section 4.3). Potassium-sparing diuretics may also potentiate the effect of antihypertensive agents and other diuretics.

ACE inhibitors, ARBs

The risk of hyperkalaemia may increase when eplerenone is used in combination with an ACE inhibitor and/or an ARB. A close monitoring of serum potassium and renal function is recommended, especially in patients at risk for impaired renal function, e.g., the elderly. The triple combination of an ACE inhibitor and an ARB with eplerenone should not be used (see sections 4.3 and 4.4).

Lithium

Drug interaction studies of eplerenone have not been conducted with lithium. However, lithium toxicity has been reported in patients receiving lithium concomitantly with diuretics and ACE inhibitors (see section 4.4). Co-administration of eplerenone and lithium should be avoided. If this combination appears necessary, lithium plasma concentrations should be monitored (see section 4.4).

Cyclosporin, tacrolimus

Cyclosporin and tacrolimus may lead to impaired renal function and increase the risk of hyperkalaemia. The concomitant use of eplerenone and cyclosporin or tacrolimus should be avoided. If needed, close monitoring of serum potassium and renal function are recommended when cyclosporine and tacrolimus are to be administered during treatment with eplerenone (see section 4.4).

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Acute renal failure may occur in at risk patients (elderly, dehydrated subjects, using diuretics, with impaired renal function) due to decreased glomerular filtration (inhibition of vasodilatory prostaglandins due to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). These effects are generally reversible. Furthermore, there may be a reduction of the antihypertensive effect. Hydrate the patient and monitor renal function at the beginning of treatment and regularly during the combination (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).

Trimethoprim

The concomitant administration of trimethoprim with eplerenone increases the risk of hyperkalaemia. Monitoring of serum potassium and renal function should be made, particularly in patients with renal impairment and in the elderly.

Alpha-1-blockers (e.g., prazosin, alfuzosine)

When alpha-1-blockers are combined with eplerenone, there is the potential for increased hypotensive effect and/or postural hypotension. Clinical monitoring for postural hypotension is recommended during alpha-1-blocker co-administration.

Tricyclic anti-depressants, neuroleptics, amifostine, baclofen

Co-administration of these drugs with eplerenone may potentially increase antihypertensive effects and risk of postural hypotension.

Glucocorticoids, tetracosactide

Co-administration of these drugs with eplerenone may potentially decrease antihypertensive effects (sodium and fluid retention).

Pharmacokinetic interactions

In vitro studies indicate that eplerenone is not an inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 isozymes. Eplerenone is not a substrate or an inhibitor of P-Glycoprotein.

Digoxin

Systemic exposure (AUC) to digoxin increases by 16% (90% CI: 4% - 30%) when co-administered with eplerenone. Caution is warranted when digoxin is dosed near the upper limit of therapeutic range.

Warfarin

No clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions have been observed with warfarin. Caution is warranted when warfarin is dosed near the upper limit of therapeutic range.

CYP3A4 substrates

Results of pharmacokinetic studies with CYP3A4 probe-substrates, i.e. midazolam and cisapride, showed no significant pharmacokinetic interactions when these drugs were co-administered with eplerenone.

CYP3A4 inhibitors

- Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors: Significant pharmacokinetic interactions may occur when eplerenone is co-administered with drugs that inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme. A strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 (ketoconazole 200 mg BID) led to a 441% increase in AUC of eplerenone (see section 4.3). The concomitant use of eplerenone with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir, nelfinavir, clarithromycin, telithromycin and nefazodone is contraindicated (see section 4.3).

- Mild to moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors: Co-administration with erythromycin, saquinavir, amiodarone, diltiazem, verapamil, or fluconazole has led to significant pharmacokinetic interactions with rank order increases in AUC ranging from 98% to 187%. Eplerenone dosing should therefore not exceed 25 mg daily when mild to moderate inhibitors of CYP3A4 are co-administered with eplerenone (see section 4.2).

CYP3A4 inducers

Co-administration of St John's wort (a strong CYP3A4 inducer) with eplerenone caused a 30% decrease in eplerenone AUC. A more pronounced decrease in eplerenone AUC may occur with stronger CYP3A4 inducers such as rifampicin. Due to the risk of decreased eplerenone efficacy, the concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inducers (rifampicin, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, St John's wort) with eplerenone is not recommended (see section 4.4).

Antacids

Based on the results of a pharmacokinetic clinical study, no significant interaction is expected when antacids are co-administered with eplerenone.

4.6. Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy:

There are no adequate data on the use of eplerenone in pregnant women. Animal studies did not indicate direct or indirect adverse effects with respect to pregnancy, embryofoetal development, parturition and postnatal development (see section 5.3). Caution should be exercised prescribing eplerenone to pregnant women.

Breastfeeding:

It is unknown if eplerenone is excreted in human breast milk after oral administration. However, preclinical data show that eplerenone and/or metabolites are present in rat breast milk and that rat pups exposed by this route developed normally. Because of the unknown potential for adverse effects on the breast fed infant, a decision should be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

Fertility:

There are no human data available on fertility.

4.7. Effects on ability to drive and use machines

No studies on the effect of eplerenone on the ability to drive or use machines have been performed. Eplerenone does not cause drowsiness or impairment of cognitive function but when driving vehicles or operating machines it should be taken into account that dizziness may occur during treatment.

4.8. Undesirable effects

In two studies (EPHESUS and Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization and Survival Study in Heart Failure [EMPHASIS-HF]), the overall incidence of adverse events reported with eplerenone was similar to placebo.

Adverse events reported below are those with suspected relationship to treatment and in excess of placebo or are serious and significantly in excess of placebo, or have been observed during post marketing surveillance. Adverse events are listed by body system and absolute frequency. Frequencies are defined as:

Very common (≥ 1/10)

Common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10)

Uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100)

Rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000)

Very rare (< 1/10,000)

Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Table 2: ADR Frequency in Eplerenone Placebo Controlled Studies

MedDRA system organ class

Adverse reaction

Infections and infestations

Uncommon

pyelonephritis, infection, pharyngitis

Blood and lymphatic system disorders

Uncommon

eosinophilia

Endocrine disorders

Uncommon

hypothyroidism

Metabolism and nutrition disorders

Common

Uncommon

hyperkalaemia (see sections 4.3 and 4.4), hypercholesterolaemia

hyponatraemia, dehydration, hypertriglyceridaemia

Psychiatric disorders

Common

insomnia

Nervous system disorders

Common

Uncommon

syncope, dizziness, headache

hypoaesthesia

Cardiac disorders

Common

Uncommon

left ventricular failure, atrial fibrillation

tachycardia

Vascular disorders

Common

Uncommon

hypotension

arterial thrombosis limb, orthostatic hypotension

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Common

cough

Gastrointestinal disorders

Common

Uncommon

diarrhoea, nausea, constipation, vomiting

flatulence

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

Common

Uncommon

rash, pruritus

angioedema, hyperhidrosis

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders

Common

Uncommon

muscle spasms, back pain

musculoskeletal pain

Renal and urinary disorders

Common

renal impairment (see sections 4.4 and 4.5)

Hepatobiliary disorders

Uncommon

cholecystitis

Reproductive system and breast disorders

Uncommon

gynaecomastia

General disorders and administration site conditions

Common

Uncommon

asthenia

malaise

Investigations

Common

Uncommon

blood urea increased, blood creatinine increased

epidermal growth factor receptor decreased, blood glucose increased

In EPHESUS, there were numerically more cases of stroke in the very elderly group (≥ 75 years old). There was however no statistical significant difference between the occurrence of stroke in the eplerenone (30) vs. placebo (22) groups. In EMPHASISHF, the number of cases of stroke in the very elderly (≥ 75 years old) was 9 in the eplerenone group and 8 in the placebo group.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

4.9. Overdose

No cases of adverse events associated with overdose of eplerenone in humans have been reported. The most likely manifestation of human overdose would be anticipated to be hypotension or hyperkalaemia. Eplerenone cannot be removed by haemodialysis. Eplerenone has been shown to bind extensively to charcoal. If symptomatic hypotension should occur, supportive treatment should be initiated. If hyperkalaemia develops, standard treatment should be initiated.