4.1. Therapeutic indications

Desitrend is indicated as monotherapy in the treatment of partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in adults and adolescents from 16 years of age with newly diagnosed epilepsy.

Desitrend is indicated as adjunctive therapy

• in the treatment of partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in adults, adolescents, children and infants from 1 month of age with epilepsy.

• in the treatment of myoclonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy.

• in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with Idiopathic Generalised Epilepsy.

4.2. Posology and method of administration

Posology

Partial onset seizures

The recommended dosing for monotherapy (from 16 years of age) and adjunctive therapy is the same; as outlined below.

All indications

Adults (≥18 years) and adolescents (12 to 17 years) weighing 50 kg or more

The initial therapeutic dose is 500 mg twice daily. This dose can be started on the first day of treatment. However, a lower initial dose of 250 mg twice daily may be given based on physician assessment of seizure reduction versus potential side effects. This can be increased to 500 mg twice daily after two weeks.

Depending upon the clinical response and tolerability, the daily dose can be increased up to 1,500 mg twice daily. Dose changes can be made in 250 mg or 500 mg twice daily increases or decreases every two to four weeks.

Adolescents (12 to 17 years) weighing below 50 kg and children from 1 month of age

The physician should prescribe the most appropriate pharmaceutical form, presentation and strength according to weight, age and dose. Refer to Paediatric population section for dosing adjustments based on weight.

Discontinuation

If levetiracetam has to be discontinued it is recommended to withdraw it gradually (e.g. in adults and adolescents weighing more than 50 kg: 500 mg decreases twice daily every two to four weeks; in infants older than 6 months, children and adolescents weighing less than 50 kg: dose decrease should not exceed 10 mg/kg twice daily every two weeks; in infants (less than 6 months): dose decrease should not exceed 7 mg/kg twice daily every two weeks).

Special populations

Elderly (65 years and older)

Adjustment of the dose is recommended in elderly patients with compromised renal function (see “Renal impairment” below).

Renal impairment

The daily dose must be individualised according to renal function.

For adult patients, refer to the following table and adjust the dose as indicated. To use this dosing table, an estimate of the patient's creatinine clearance (CLcr) in ml/min is needed. The CLcr in ml/min may be estimated from serum creatinine (mg/dl) determination, for adults and adolescents weighing 50 kg or more, using the following formula:

Then CLcr is adjusted for body surface area (BSA) as follows:

Table 1: Dosing adjustment for adult and adolescent patients weighing more than 50 kg with impaired renal function

Group

Creatinine clearance (ml/min/1.73m²)

Dose and frequency

Normal

> 80

500 to 1,500 mg twice daily

Mild

50-79

500 to 1,000 mg twice daily

Moderate

30-49

250 to 750 mg twice daily

Severe

< 30

250 to 500 mg twice daily

End-stage renal disease patients undergoing dialysis (1)

-

500 to 1,000 mg once daily (2)

(1) A 750 mg loading dose is recommended on the first day of treatment with levetiracetam.

(2) Following dialysis, a 250 to 500 mg supplemental dose is recommended.

For children with renal impairment, levetiracetam dose needs to be adjusted based on the renal function as levetiracetam clearance is related to renal function. This recommendation is based on a study in adult renally impaired patients.

The CLcr in ml/min/1.73 m² may be estimated from serum creatinine (mg/dl) determination, for young adolescents, children and infants, using the following formula (Schwartz formula):

ks= 0.45 in term infants to 1 year old; ks= 0.55 in children to less than 13 years and in adolescent female; ks= 0.7 in adolescent male

Table 2: Dosing adjustment for infants, children and adolescent patients weighing less than 50 kg with impaired renal function

Group

Creatinine clearance (ml/min/1.73m²)

Dose and frequency (1)

Infants 1 to less than 6 months

Infants 6 to 23 months, children and adolescents weighing less than 50 kg

Normal

> 80

7 to 21 mg/kg (0.07 to 0.21 ml/kg) twice daily

10 to 30 mg/kg (0.10 to 0.30 ml/kg) twice daily

Mild

50-79

7 to 14 mg/kg (0.07 to 0.14 ml/kg) twice daily

10 to 20 mg/kg (0.10 to 0.20 ml/kg) twice daily

Moderate

30-49

3.5 to 10.5 mg/kg (0.035 to 0.105 ml/kg) twice daily

5 to 15 mg/kg (0.05 to 0.15 ml/kg) twice daily

Severe

< 30

3.5 to 7 mg/kg (0.035 to 0.07 ml/kg) twice daily

5 to 10 mg/kg (0.05 to 0.10 ml/kg) twice daily

End-stage renal disease patients undergoing dialysis

--

7 to 14 mg/kg (0.07 to 0.14 ml/kg) once daily (2) (4)

10 to 20 mg/kg (0.10 to 0.20 ml/kg) once daily (3) (5)

(1) Levetiracetam oral solution should be used for doses under 250 mg, for doses not multiple of 250 mg when dosing recommendation is not achievable by taking multiple sachets.

(2) A 10.5 mg/kg (0.105 ml/kg) loading dose is recommended on the first day of treatment with levetiracetam.

(3) A 15 mg/kg (0.15 ml/kg) loading dose is recommended on the first day of treatment with levetiracetam.

(4) Following dialysis, a 3.5 to 7 mg/kg (0.035 to 0.07 ml/kg) supplemental dose is recommended.

(5) Following dialysis, a 5 to 10 mg/kg (0.05 to 0.10 ml/kg) supplemental dose is recommended.

Hepatic impairment

No dose adjustment is needed in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. In patients with severe hepatic impairment, the creatinine clearance may underestimate the renal insufficiency. Therefore a 50 % reduction of the daily maintenance dose is recommended when the creatinine clearance is < 60 ml/min/1.73 m².

Paediatric population

The physician should prescribe the most appropriate pharmaceutical form, presentation and strength according to age, weight and dose.

The coated granules formulation is not adapted for use in infants and children under the age of 6 years. Levetiracetam oral solution is the preferred formulation for use in this population. In addition, the available dose strengths of the coated granules in sachet are not appropriate for initial treatment in children weighing less than 25 kg or for the administration of doses below 250 mg. In all of the above cases levetiracetam oral solution should be used.

Monotherapy

The safety and efficacy of levetiracetam in children and adolescents below 16 years as monotherapy treatment have not been established.

No data are available.

Adolescents (16 and 17 years of age) weighing 50 kg or more with partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation with newly diagnosed epilepsy.

Please refer to the above section on Adults (≥18 years) and adolescents (12 to 17 years) weighing 50 kg or more.

Add-on therapy for infants aged from 6 to 23 months, children (2 to 11 years) and adolescents (12 to 17 years) weighing less than 50 kg

Desitrend oral solution is the preferred formulation for use in infants and children under the age of 6 years.

For children of 6 years and above, Levetiracetam oral solution should be used for doses under 250 mg, for doses not multiple of 250 mg when dosing recommendation is not achievable by taking multiple sachets.

The lowest effective dose should be used for all indications. The starting dose for a child or adolescent of 25 kg should be 250 mg twice daily with a maximum dose of 750 mg twice daily.

Dose in children of 50 kg or greater is the same as in adults for all indications.

Please refer to the above section on Adults (≥18 years) and adolescents (12 to 17 years) weighing 50 kg or more for all indications.

Add-on therapy for infants aged from 1 month to less than 6 months

The oral solution is the formulation to use in infants.

Method of administration

The coated granules must be taken orally, swallowed with a sufficient quantity of liquid and may be taken with or without food. After oral administration the bitter taste of levetiracetam may be experienced. The daily dose is administered in two equally divided doses.

The coated granules may also be suspended by shaking for a minimum of 2 minutes in at least 10 ml of water and administered via a feeding tube that should be rinsed twice with 10 ml of water each immediately after administration. If this method of administration is used, the suspension should be prepared immediately before administration.

Each sachet is for single use only.

4.3. Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or other pyrrolidone derivatives or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

4.4. Special warnings and precautions for use

Renal impairment

The administration of levetiracetam to patients with renal impairment may require dose adjustment. In patients with severely impaired hepatic function, assessment of renal function is recommended before dose selection (see section 4.2).

Acute Kidney injury

The use of levetiracetam has been rarely associated with acute kidney injury, with a time to onset ranging from a few days to several months.

Blood cell counts

Rare cases of decreased blood cell counts (neutropenia, agranulocytosis, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and pancytopenia) have been described in association with levetiracetam administration, generally at the beginning of the treatment. Complete blood cell counts are advised in patients experiencing important weakness, pyrexia, recurrent infections or coagulation disorders (see section 4.8).

Suicide

Suicide, suicide attempt, suicidal ideation and behaviour have been reported in patients treated with anti-epileptic agents (including levetiracetam). A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials of anti-epileptic medicinal products has shown a small increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviour. The mechanism of this risk is not known.

Therefore patients should be monitored for signs of depression and/or suicidal ideation and behaviours and appropriate treatment should be considered. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be advised to seek medical advice should signs of depression and/or suicidal ideation or behaviour emerge.

Abnormal and aggressive behaviours

Levetiracetam may cause psychotic symptoms and behavioural abnormalities including irritability and aggressiveness. Patients treated with levetiracetam should be monitored for developing psychiatric signs suggesting important mood and/or personality changes. If such behaviours are noticed, treatment adaptation or gradual discontinuation should be considered. If discontinuation is considered, please refer to section 4.2.

Worsening of seizures

As with other types of antiepileptic drugs, levetiracetam may rarely exacerbate seizure frequency or severity. This paradoxical effect was mostly reported within the first month after levetiracetam initiation or increase of the dose, and was reversible upon drug discontinuation or dose decrease.

Patients should be advised to consult their physician immediately in case of aggravation of epilepsy. Lack of efficacy or seizure worsening has been reported in patients with epilepsy associated with sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 8 (SCN8A) mutations.

Electrocardiogram QT interval prolongation

Rare cases of ECG QT interval prolongation have been observed during the post-marketing surveillance. Levetiracetam should be used with caution in patients with QTc-interval prolongation, in patients concomitantly treated with drugs affecting the QTc-interval, or in patients with relevant pre- existing cardiac disease or electrolyte disturbances.

Paediatric population

The coated granules formulation is not adapted for use in infants and children under the age of 6 years.

Available data in children did not suggest impact on growth and puberty. However, long term effects on learning, intelligence, growth, endocrine function, puberty and childbearing potential in children remain unknown.

4.5. Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Antiepileptic medicinal products

Pre-marketing data from clinical studies conducted in adults indicate that levetiracetam did not influence the serum concentrations of existing antiepileptic medicinal products (phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, phenobarbital, lamotrigine, gabapentin and primidone) and that these antiepileptic medicinal products did not influence the pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam.

As in adults, there is no evidence of clinically significant medicinal product interactions in paediatric patients receiving up to 60 mg/kg/day levetiracetam.

A retrospective assessment of pharmacokinetic interactions in children and adolescents with epilepsy (4 to 17 years) confirmed that adjunctive therapy with orally administered levetiracetam did not influence the steady-state serum concentrations of concomitantly administered carbamazepine and valproate. However, data suggested a 20 % higher levetiracetam clearance in children taking enzyme-inducing antiepileptic medicinal products. Dose adjustment is not required.

Probenecid

Probenecid (500 mg four times daily), a renal tubular secretion blocking agent, has been shown to inhibit the renal clearance of the primary metabolite but not of levetiracetam. Nevertheless, the concentration of this metabolite remains low.

Methotrexate

Concomitant administration of levetiracetam and methotrexate has been reported to decrease methotrexate clearance, resulting in increased/prolonged blood methotrexate concentration to potentially toxic levels. Blood methotrexate and levetiracetam levels should be carefully monitored in patients treated concomitantly with the two drugs.

Oral contraceptives and other pharmacokinetic interactions

Levetiracetam 1,000 mg daily did not influence the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives (ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel); endocrine parameters (luteinizing hormone and progesterone) were not modified. Levetiracetam 2,000 mg daily did not influence the pharmacokinetics of digoxin and warfarin; prothrombin times were not modified. Co-administration with digoxin, oral contraceptives and warfarin did not influence the pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam.

Laxatives

There have been isolated reports of decreased levetiracetam efficacy when the osmotic laxative macrogol has been concomitantly administered with oral levetiracetam. Therefore, macrogol should not be taken orally for one hour before and for one hour after taking levetiracetam.

Food and alcohol

The extent of absorption of levetiracetam was not altered by food, but the rate of absorption was slightly reduced.

No data on the interaction of levetiracetam with alcohol are available.

4.6. Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Women of childbearing potential

Specialist advice should be given to women who are of childbearing potential. Treatment with levetiracetam should be reviewed when a woman is planning to become pregnant. As with all antiepileptic medicines, sudden discontinuation of levetiracetam should be avoided as this may lead to breakthrough seizures that could have serious consequences for the woman and the unborn child. Monotherapy should be preferred whenever possible because therapy with multiple antiepileptic medicines AEDs could be associated with a higher risk of congenital malformations than monotherapy, depending on the associated antiepileptics.

Pregnancy

A large amount of postmarketing data on pregnant women exposed to levetiracetam monotherapy (more than 1800, among which in more than 1500 exposure occurred during the 1st trimester) do not suggest an increase in the risk for major congenital malformations. Limited evidence is available on the neurodevelopment of children exposed to levetiracetam monotherapy in utero. Data from two observational population-based registry studies undertaken in largely the same dataset from the Nordic countries and including more than 1000 children born to women with epilepsy prenatally exposed to levetiracetam monotherapy do not suggest an increased risk of autism spectrum disorders or intellectual disability compared to children born to women with epilepsy not exposed to an antiepileptic drug in utero. The mean follow-up time of children in the levetiracetam group was shorter than for the group of children non exposed to any antiepileptic drug (e.g. 4.4 years vs 6.8 years in one of the studies).

Levetiracetam can be used during pregnancy, if after careful assessment it is considered clinically needed. In such case, the lowest effective dose is recommended.

Physiological changes during pregnancy may affect levetiracetam concentration. Decrease in levetiracetam plasma concentrations has been observed during pregnancy. This decrease is more pronounced during the third trimester (up to 60 % of baseline concentration before pregnancy). Appropriate clinical management of pregnant women treated with levetiracetam should be ensured.

Breastfeeding

Levetiracetam is excreted in human breast milk. Therefore, breast-feeding is not recommended. However, if levetiracetam treatment is needed during breastfeeding, the benefit/risk of the treatment should be weighed considering the importance of breast feeding.

Fertility

No impact on fertility was detected in animal studies (see section 5.3). No clinical data are available, potential risk for human is unknown.

4.7. Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Levetiracetam has minor or moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines.

Due to possible different individual sensitivity, some patients might experience somnolence or other central nervous system related symptoms, especially at the beginning of treatment or following a dose increase. Therefore, caution is recommended in those patients when performing skilled tasks, e.g. driving vehicles or operating machinery. Patients are advised not to drive or use machines until it is established that their ability to perform such activities is not affected.

4.8. Undesirable effects

Summary of the safety profile

The most frequently reported adverse reactions were nasopharyngitis, somnolence, headache, fatigue and dizziness. The adverse reaction profile presented below is based on the analysis of pooled placebo-controlled clinical trials with all indications studied, with a total of 3,416 patients treated with levetiracetam. These data are supplemented with the use of levetiracetam in corresponding open-label extension studies, as well as post-marketing experience. The safety profile of levetiracetam is generally similar across age groups (adult and paediatric patients) and across the approved epilepsy indications.

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

Adverse reactions reported in clinical studies (adults, adolescents, children and infants > 1 month) and from post-marketing experience are listed in the following table per System Organ Class and per frequency. Adverse reactions are presented in the order of decreasing seriousness and their frequency is defined as follows: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000) and very rare (<1/10,000).

MedDRA SOC

Frequency category

Very common

Common

Uncommon

Rare

Very rare

Infections and infestations

Nasopharyngitis

Infection

Blood and lymphatic system disorders

Thrombocytopenia, leukopenia

Pancytopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis

Immune system disorders

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)(1), Hypersensitivity (including angioedema and anaphylaxis)

Metabolism and nutrition disorders

Anorexia

Weight decreased, weight increase

Hyponatraemia

Psychiatric disorders

Depression, hostility/ aggression, anxiety, insomnia, nervousness/irritability

Suicide attempt, suicidal ideation, psychotic disorder, abnormal behaviour, hallucination, anger, confusional state, panic attack, affect lability/mood swings, agitation

Completed suicide, personality disorder, thinking abnormal, delirium

Obsessive compulsive disorder(2)

Nervous system disorders

Somnolence, headache

Convulsion, balance disorder, dizziness, lethar-gy, tremor

Amnesia, memory impairment, coordination abnormal/ataxia, paraesthesia, disturbance in attention

Choreoathetosis, dyskinesia, hyperkinesia, gait disturbance, encephalopathy, seizures aggravated

Eye disorders

Diplopia, vision blurred

Ear and labyrinth disorders

Vertigo

Cardiac disorders

Electrocardiogram QT prolonged

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders

Cough

Gastrointestinal disorders

Abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, vo-miting, nausea

Pancreatitis

Hepatobiliary disorders

Liver function test abnormal

Hepatic failure, hepatitis

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

Rash

Alopecia, eczema, pruritus,

Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders

Muscular weakness, myalgia

Rhabdomyolysis and blood creatine phosphokinase increased(3)

Renal and Urinary Disorders

Acute Kidney injury

General disorders and administration site conditions

Asthenia/fatigue

Injury, poisoning and procedural complications

Injury

(1) See Description of selected adverse reactions.

(2) Very rare cases of development of obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) in patients with underlying history of OCD or psychiatric disorders have been observed in post-marketing surveillance.

(3) Prevalence is significantly higher in Japanese patients when compared to non-Japanese patients.

Evidence also suggests a possible predisposition of the Japanese population to neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS).

Description of selected adverse reactions

Multiorgan hypersensitivity reactions

Multiorgan hypersensitivity reactions (also known as Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms, DRESS) have been reported rarely in patients treated with levetiracetam. Clinical manifestations may develop 2 to 8 weeks after starting treatment.

These reactions are variable in expression, but typically present with fever, rash, facial oedema, lymphadenopathies, haematologic abnormalities and can be associated with involvement of different organ systems, mostly the liver. If multiorgan hypersensitivity reaction is suspected, levetiracetam should be discontinued.

The risk of anorexia is higher when levetiracetam is coadministered with topiramate. In several cases of alopecia, recovery was observed when levetiracetam was discontinued.

Bone marrow suppression was identified in some of the cases of pancytopenia.

Cases of encephalopathy generally occurred at the beginning of the treatment (few days to a few months) and were reversible after treatment discontinuation.

Paediatric population

In patients aged 1 month to less than 4 years, a total of 190 patients have been treated with levetiracetam in placebo-controlled and open label extension studies. Sixty of these patients were treated with levetiracetam in placebo-controlled studies. In patients aged 4-16 years, a total of 645 patients have been treated with levetiracetam in placebo-controlled and open label extension studies. 233 of these patients were treated with levetiracetam in placebo-controlled studies. In both these paediatric age ranges, these data are supplemented with the post-marketing experience of the use of levetiracetam.

In addition, 101 infants aged less than 12 months have been exposed in a post authorization safety study. No new safety concerns for levetiracetam were identified for infants less than 12 months of age with epilepsy.

The adverse reaction profile of levetiracetam is generally similar across age groups and across the approved epilepsy indications. Safety results in paediatric patients in placebo-controlled clinical studies were consistent with the safety profile of levetiracetam in adults except for behavioural and psychiatric adverse reactions which were more common in children than in adults. In children and adolescents aged 4 to 16 years, vomiting (very common, 11.2%), agitation (common, 3.4%), mood swings (common, 2.1%), affect lability (common, 1.7%), aggression (common, 8.2%), abnormal behaviour (common, 5.6%), and lethargy (common, 3.9%) were reported more frequently than in other age ranges or in the overall safety profile. In infants and children aged 1 month to less than 4 years, irritability (very common, 11.7%) and coordination abnormal (common, 3.3%) were reported more frequently than in other age groups or in the overall safety profile.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled paediatric safety study with a non-inferiority design has assessed the cognitive and neuropsychological effects of levetiracetam in children 4 to 16 years of age with partial onset seizures. It was concluded that levetiracetam was not different (non inferior) from placebo with regard to the change from baseline of the Leiter-R Attention and Memory, Memory Screen Composite score in the per-protocol population. Results related to behavioural and emotional functioning indicated a worsening in levetiracetam treated patients on aggressive behaviour as measured in a standardized and systematic way using a validated instrument (CBCL – Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist).

However subjects, who took levetiracetam in the long-term open label follow-up study, did not experience a worsening, on average, in their behavioural and emotional functioning; in particular measures of aggressive behaviour were not worse than baseline.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme:

Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

4.9. Overdose

Symptoms

Somnolence, agitation, aggression, depressed level of consciousness, respiratory depression and coma were observed with levetiracetam overdoses.

Management of overdose

After an acute overdose, the stomach may be emptied by gastric lavage or by induction of emesis.

There is no specific antidote for levetiracetam. Treatment of an overdose will be symptomatic and may include haemodialysis. The dialyser extraction efficiency is 60 % for levetiracetam and 74 % for the primary metabolite.