4.1. Therapeutic indications

Adults and adolescents over 12 years of age:

Symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinitis (seasonal and perennial) associated allergic conjunctivitis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria.

Children 6-12 years:

Symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinitis (seasonal and perennial), and chronic idiopathic urticaria.

4.2. Posology and method of administration

Posology

Adults and adolescents over 12 years of age: 1 tablet (10 mg) once daily

If drowsiness occurs, the tablet can be administered in the evening.

Special population

Elderly

Data do not suggest that the dose needs to be reduced in elderly subjects provided that the renal function is normal. The duration of the treatment may vary depending on the symptoms.

Renal impairment

There are no data to document the efficacy/safety ratio in patients with renal impairment. Since cetirizine is mainly excreted via renal route (see section 5.2), in cases no alternative treatment can be used, the dosing intervals must be individualized according to renal function. Refer to the following table and adjust the dose as indicated. To use this dosing table, an estimate of the patient's creatinine clearance (CLcr) in ml/min is needed. The CLcr (ml/min) may be estimated from serum creatinine (mg/dl) determination using the following formula:

Dosing adjustments for adult patients with impaired renal function

Group

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) (ml/min)

Dosage and frequency

Normal renal function

≥90

10 mg once daily

Mildly decreased renal function

60 - < 90

10 mg once daily

Moderately decreased renal function

30 – < 60

5 mg once daily

Severely decreased renal function

15 - <30 not requiring dialysis treatment

5 mg once every 2 days

End-stage renal disease

<15 requiring dialysis treatment

Contraindicated

Hepatic impairment

No dose adjustment is needed in patients with solely hepatic impairment. In patients with hepatic impairment and renal impairment, adjustment of the dose is recommended (see renal impairment above)

Paediatric population

The tablet formulation should not be used in children under 6 years of age as it does not allow the necessary dose adjustments.

Children aged 6 to 12 years: 5 mg twice daily (a half tablet twice daily).

Adolescents above 12 years: 10 mg once daily (1 tablet).

In paediatric patients suffering from renal impairment, the dose will have to be adjusted on an individual basis taking into account the renal clearance, age and body weight of the patient.

Method of administration

For oral use.

4.3. Contraindications

- Hypersensitivity to the active substance, to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1, to hydroxyzine or to any piperazine derivatives.

- Patients with end-stage renal disease with an eGFR (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate) below 15 ml/min.

4.4. Special warnings and precautions for use

In some patients, long term treatment with cetirizine tablets may lead to an increased risk of caries due to mouth dryness. The patients should therefore be informed about the importance of oral hygiene.

At therapeutic doses, no clinically significant interactions have been demonstrated with alcohol (for a blood alcohol level of 0.5 g/L). Nevertheless, precaution is recommended if alcohol is taken concomitantly.

Caution should be taken in patients with predisposition factors of urinary retention (e.g. spinal cord lesion, prostatic hyperplasia) as cetirizine may increase the risk of urinary retention.

Caution is recommended in epileptic patients and patients at risk of convulsions.

Response to allergy skin tests are inhibited by antihistamines and a wash- out period (of 3 days) is required before performing them.

Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take cetirizine film-coated tablets.

Pruritus and/ or urticaria may occur when cetirizine is stopped even if these symptoms were not present before In some cases, symptoms may be intense and may require restarting the treatment, to which symptoms should resolve.

Paediatric Population

The use of the film-coated tablet formulation is not recommended in children aged less than 6 years since the formulation does not allow for appropriate dose adaptation.

It is recommended to use a paediatric formulation of cetirizine.

4.5. Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Due to the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and tolerance profile of cetirizine, no interactions are expected with this antihistamine. Actually, neither pharmacodynamic nor significant pharmacokinetic interaction was reported in drug-drug interactions studies performed, notably with pseudoephedrine or theophylline (400 mg/day).

The extent of absorption of cetirizine is not reduced with food, although the rate of absorption is decreased.

In sensitive patients, the concurrent use of alcohol or other CNS depressants may cause additional reductions in alertness and impairment of performance although cetirizine does not potentiate the effect of alcohol (0.5 g/l blood levels).

4.6. Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy

For cetirizine, prospectively collected data on pregnancy outcomes do not suggest potential for maternal or foetal/embryonic toxicity above background rates.

Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/fetal development, parturition or postnatal development. Caution should be exercised when prescribing to pregnant women.

Breast-feeding

Cetirizine passes into breast milk. A risk of side effects in breastfed infants cannot be excluded. Cetirizine is excreted in human milk at concentrations representing 25% to 90% of those measured in plasma, depending on sampling time after administration. Therefore, caution should be exercised when prescribing cetirizine to lactating women.

Fertility

Limited data is available on human fertility but no safety concern has been identified. Animal data shows no safety concern for human reproduction.

4.7. Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Objective measurements of driving ability, sleep latency and assembly line performance have not demonstrated any clinically relevant effects at the recommended dose of 10 mg. However, patients who experience somnolence should refrain from driving, engaging in potentially hazardous activities or operating machinery. They should not exceed the recommended dose and should take their response to the medicinal product into account.

In these sensitive patients, concurrent use with alcohol or other CNS depressants may cause additional reductions in alertness and impairment of performance.

4.8. Undesirable effects

Overview

Clinical studies have shown that cetirizine at the recommended dosage has minor undesirable effects on the CNS, including somnolence, fatigue, dizziness and headache. In some cases, paradoxical CNS stimulation has been reported.

Although cetirizine is a selective antagonist of peripheral H1-receptors and is relatively free of anticholinergic activity, isolated cases of micturition difficulty, eye accommodation disorders and dry mouth have been reported.

Instances of abnormal hepatic function with elevated hepatic enzymes accompanied by elevated bilirubin have been reported. Mostly this resolves upon discontinuation of the treatment with cetirizine dihydrochloride.

Listing of ADRs

Double blind controlled clinical trials comparing cetirizine to placebo or other antihistamines at the recommended dosage (10 mg daily for cetirizine), of which quantified safety data are available, included more than 3200 subjects exposed to cetirizine.

From this pooling, the following adverse events were reported for cetirizine 10 mg in the placebo-controlled trials at rates of 1.0 % or greater:

Adverse event

(WHO-ART)

Cetirizine 10 mg

(n= 3260)

Placebo

(n = 3061)

General disorders and administration site conditions

Fatigue

1.63 %

0.95 %

Nervous system disorders

Dizziness

Headache

1.10 %

7.42 %

0.98 %

8.07 %

Gastro-intestinal system disorders

Abdominal pain

Dry mouth

Nausea

0.98 %

2.09 %

1.07 %

1.08 %

0.82 %

1.14 %

Psychiatric disorders

Somnolence

9.63 %

5.00 %

Respiratory system disorders

Pharyngitis

1.29 %

1.34 %

Although statistically more common than under placebo, somnolence was mild to moderate in the majority of cases. Objective tests as demonstrated by other studies have demonstrated that usual daily activities are unaffected at the recommended daily dose in healthy young volunteers.

Paediatric Populations

Adverse drug reactions at rates of 1 % or greater in children aged from 6 months to 12 years, included in placebo-controlled clinical trials are:

Adverse drug reactions

(WHO-ART)

Cetirizine

(n=1656)

Placebo

(n =1294)

Gastro-intestinal system disorders

Diarrhoea

1.0 %

0.6 %

Psychiatric disorders

Somnolence

1.8 %

1. 4 %

Respiratory system disorders

Rhinitis

1.4 %

1.1 %

General disorders and administration site conditions

Fatigue

1.0 %

0.3 %

Post-marketing experience

In addition to the adverse effects reported during clinical studies and listed above, isolated cases of the following adverse drug reactions have been reported in post- marketing experience.

Undesirable effects are described according to MedDRA System Organ Class and by estimated frequency based on post-marketing experience.

Frequencies are defined as follows: Very common (≥1/10); common (≥ 1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)

Blood and lymphatic disorders:

Very rare: thrombocytopenia

Immune system disorders:

Rare: hypersensitivity, allergic reactions (see Skin and subcutaneous disorders)

Very rare: anaphylactic shock

Metabolism and nutrition disorders:

Not known: increased appetite

Psychiatric disorders:

Uncommon: agitation

Rare: aggression, confusion, depression, hallucination, insomnia

Very rare: tics.

Not known: Suicidal ideation, Nightmares.

Nervous system disorders:

Uncommon: paraesthesia

Rare: convulsions

Very rare: dysgeusia, syncope, tremor, dystonia, dyskinesia

Not known: amnesia, memory impairment

Eye disorders:

Rare: abnormal involuntary eye movements.

Very rare: accommodation disorder, blurred vision, oculogyric crisis.

Ear and labyrinth disorders:

Not known: vertigo

Cardiac disorders:

Rare: tachycardia

Gastro-intestinal disorders:

Uncommon: diarrhoea

Hepatobiliary disorders:

Rare: abnormal hepatic function (increased transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, γ-GT and bilirubin)

Not known: hepatitis

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:

Uncommon: skin rash, pruritus,

Rare: urticaria

Very rare: fixed drug eruption, erythema multiforme, angioneurotic oedema

Not known: acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders:

Not known: arthralgia, myalgia.

Renal and urinary disorders:

Very rare: dysuria, enuresis, micturition difficulties

Not known: urinary retention

General disorders and administration site conditions:

Uncommon: asthenia, malaise

Rare: oedema

Investigations:

Rare: weight increased

Description of selected adverse reactions

After discontinuation of cetirizine, pruritus (intense itching) and/ or urticaria have been reported

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card on the Google Play or Apple App Store.

4.9. Overdose

There is limited experience of overdosing, 20 mg to a 2-year-old, 30 mg to a 3-year- old and 40 mg to an 11-year-old did not give any symptoms. 60 mg to a 4-year-old gave mild intoxication, 400 mg to a 14-year-old gave mild symptoms, while 400 to 500 mg to an adult gave no symptoms at all

Symptoms

Symptoms observed after an overdose of cetirizine are mainly associated with CNS effects or with effects that could suggest an anticholinergic effect.

Adverse events reported after an intake of at least 5 times the recommended daily dose are: confusion, diarrhoea, dizziness, fatigue, headache, malaise, mydriasis, pruritus, restlessness, sedation, somnolence, stupor, tachycardia, tremor, and urinary retention.

Management

There is no known specific antidote to cetirizine.

Should overdose occur, symptomatic or supportive treatment is recommended. Gastric lavage may be considered shortly after the ingestion of the drug.

The patient should be kept under clinical observation for at least four hours after ingestion, and the blood pressure, heart rate and vital signs monitored until stable. In symptomatic cases, ECG should be performed.

Oral activated charcoal (50 g for an adult, 10-15 g for a child) should be considered if more than 2.5 mg/kg cetirizine has been ingested within one hour

Cetirizine is not effectively removed by dialysis.