4.1. Therapeutic indications

Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride is a fixed dose combination of atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride which acts as a blood schizonticide and also has activity against hepatic schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum. It is indicated for:

Prophylaxis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

Treatment of acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

Because Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride is effective against drug sensitive and drug resistant P. falciparum it is especially recommended for prophylaxis and treatment of P. falciparum malaria where the pathogen may be resistant to other antimalarials.

Official guidelines and local information on the prevalence of resistance to antimalarial drugs should be taken into consideration. Official guidelines will normally include WHO and public health authorities' guidelines.

4.2. Posology and method of administration

Posology

Prophylaxis:

Prophylaxis should

• commence 24 or 48 hours prior to entering a malaria-endemic area,

• continue during the period of the stay,

• continue for 7 days after leaving the area.

In residents (semi-immune subjects) of endemic areas, the safety and effectiveness of Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride has been established in studies of up to 12 weeks.

In non-immune subjects, the average duration of exposure in clinical studies was 27 days.

Dosage in Adults

One Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride film-coated tablet daily.

Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride is not recommended for malaria prophylaxis in persons under 40 kg bodyweight. Other pharmaceutical strengths may be more appropriate for malaria prophylaxis in persons weighing under 40 kg.

Treatment

Adults

Four Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride film-coated tablets as a single dose for three consecutive days.

Children

Dosage/day

Body weight range (kg)

No. of tablets

11-20

One Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride film-coated tablet daily for three consecutive days

21-30

Two Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride film-coated tablets as a single dose for three consecutive days

31-40

Three Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride film-coated tablets as a single dose for three consecutive days

>40

Dose as for adults

Elderly

A pharmacokinetic study indicates that no dosage adjustments are needed in the elderly (See Section 5.2).

Hepatic Impairment

A pharmacokinetic study indicates that no dosage adjustments are needed in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. Although no studies have been conducted in patients with severe hepatic impairment, no special precautions or dosage adjustment are anticipated (See Section 5.2).

Renal Impairment

Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that no dosage adjustments are needed in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment. In patients with severe renal impairment (creatine clearance <30 mL/min) alternatives to Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride for treatment of acute P. falciparum malaria should be recommended whenever possible (See Sections 4.4 and 5.2). For prophylaxis of P. falciparum malaria in patients with several renal impairments see Section 4.3.

Method of administration

The daily dose should be taken with food or a milky drink (to ensure maximum absorption of atovaquone) at the same time each day.

If patients are unable to tolerate food, Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride should be administered, but systemic exposure of atovaquone will be reduced. In the event of vomiting within 1 hour of dosing a repeat dose should be taken.

4.3. Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride is contraindicated for prophylaxis of P. falciparum malaria in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min).

4.4. Special warnings and precautions for use

The safety and effectiveness of Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride for prophylaxis of malaria in patients who weigh less than 40 kg, or in the treatment of malaria in paediatric patients who weigh less than 11kg has not been established.

Persons taking Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride for prophylaxis or treatment of malaria should take a repeat dose if they vomit within 1 hour of dosing. In the event of diarrhoea, normal dosing should be continued.

Absorption of atovaquone may be reduced in patients with diarrhoea or vomiting, but diarrhoea or vomiting was not associated with reduced efficacy in clinical trials of atovaquone/proguanil for malaria prophylaxis. However, as with other antimalarial agents, subjects with diarrhoea or vomiting should be advised to continue with malaria prevention measures by complying with personal protection measures (repellants, impregnated bednets).

In patients with acute malaria who present with diarrhoea or vomiting, alternative therapy should be considered. If Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride is used to treat malaria in these patients, parasitaemia and the patient's clinical condition should be closely monitored.

Atovaquone/proguanil has not been evaluated for the treatment of cerebral malaria or other severe manifestations of complicated malaria including hyperparasitaemia, pulmonary oedema or renal failure.

Occasionally, severe allergic reactions (including anaphylaxis) have been reported in patients taking atovaquone/proguanil. If patients experience an allergic reaction (see section 4.8) Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride should be discontinued promptly and appropriate treatment initiated.

Atovaquone/proguanil has been shown to have no efficacy against hypnozoites of Plasmodium vivax as parasite relapse occurred commonly when P.vivax malaria was treated with atovaquone/proguanil alone. Travellers with intense exposure to P. vivax or P.ovale, and those who develop malaria caused by either of these parasites, will require additional treatment with a drug that is active against hypnozoites.

In the event of recrudescent infections due to P. falciparum after treatment with Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride, or failure of chemoprophylaxis with atovaquone/proguanil, patients should be treated with a different blood schizonticide as such events can reflect a resistance of the parasite.

Parasitaemia should be closely monitored in patients receiving concurrent tetracycline (see section 4.5).

The concomitant administration of atovaquone/proguanil and efavirenz or boosted protease-inhibitors should be avoided whenever possible (see section 4.5)

The concomitant administration of atovaquone/proguanil and rifampicin or rifabutin is not recommended (see section 4.5).

Concurrent use of metoclopramide is not recommended. Another antiemetic treatment should be given (see section 4.5).

Caution is advised when initiating or withdrawing malaria prophylaxis or treatment with atovaquone/proguanil in patients on continuous treatment with warfarin and other coumarin based anticoagulants (see section 4.5).

Atovaquone can increase the levels of etoposide and its metabolite (see section 4.5).

In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min) alternatives to atovaquone/proguanil for treatment of acute P. falciparum malaria should be recommended whenever possible (see sections 4.2, 4.3 and 5.2).

This medicinal product contains Lactose monohydrate. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.

4.5. Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Concomitant administration of rifampicin or rifabutin is not recommended as it is known to reduce plasma concentrations of atovaquone levels by approximately 50% and 34%, respectively (see section 4.4).

Concomitant treatment with metoclopramide has been associated with a significant decrease (about 50%) in plasma concentrations of atovaquone (See Section 4.4). Another antiemetic treatment should be given.

When given with efavirenz or boosted protease-inhibitors, atovaquone concentrations have been observed to decrease as much as 75%. This combination should be avoided whenever possible (see section 4.4)

Proguanil may potentiate the anticoagulant effect of warfarin and other coumarin based anticoagulants which may lead to an increase in the risk of haemorrhage. The mechanism of this potential drug interaction has not been established. Caution is advised when initiating or withdrawing malaria prophylaxis or treatment with atovaquone/proguanil in patients on continuous treatment with oral anticoagulants. The dose of the oral anticoagulant may need to be adjusted during atovaquone/proguanil treatment or after its withdrawal, based on INR results.

Concomitant treatment with tetracycline has been associated with decreases in plasma concentrations of atovaquone.

The co-administration of atovaquone at doses of 45 mg/kg/day in children (n=9) with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia for prophylaxis of PCP was found to increase the plasma concentrations (AUC) of etoposide and its metabolite etoposide catechol by a median of 8.6% (P=0.055) and 28.4% (P=0.031) (respectively compared to the co-administration of etoposide and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim). Caution should be advised in patients receiving concomitant therapy with etoposide (see section 4.4).

Proguanil is primarily metabolised by CYP2C19. However, potential pharmacokinetic interactions with other substrates, inhibitors (e.g. moclobemide, fluvoxamine) or inducers (e.g. artemisinin, carbamazepine) of CYP2C19 are unknown (see section 5.2).

4.6. Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy

The safety of atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride when administered concurrently for use in human pregnancy has not been established and the potential risk is unknown.

Animal studies (in rat and rabbit) showed no evidence for teratogenicity of the combination (see section 5.3).

The individual components have shown no effects on parturition or pre- and post-natal development. Maternal toxicity was seen in pregnant rabbits during a teratogenicity study (see section 5.3). The use of Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride in pregnancy should only be considered if the expected benefit to the mother outweighs any potential risk to the foetus.

The proguanil component of atovaquone-proguanil acts by inhibiting parasitic dihydrofolate reductase. There are no clinical data indicating that folate supplementation diminishes drug efficacy. For women of childbearing age receiving folate supplements to prevent neural tube birth defects, such supplements should be continued while taking Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride.

Breastfeeding

The atovaquone concentrations in milk, in a rat study, were 30% of the concurrent atovaquone concentrations in maternal plasma. It is not known whether atovaquone is excreted in human milk.

Proguanil is excreted in human milk in small quantities.

Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride should not be taken by breast-feeding women.

4.7. Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Dizziness has been reported. Patients should be warned that if affected they should not drive, operate machinery or take part in activities where this may put themselves or others at risk.

4.8. Undesirable effects

In clinical trials of atovaquone/proguanil in the treatment of malaria, the most commonly reported adverse reactions were abdominal pain, headache, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and coughing.

In clinical trials of atovaquone/proguanil for prophylaxis of malaria, the most commonly reported adverse reactions were headache, abdominal pain and diarrhoea.

The following table provides a summary of adverse reactions that have been reported to have a suspected (at least possible) causal relationship to treatment with atovaquone/proguanil in clinical trials and spontaneous post-marketing reports. The following convention is used for the classification of frequency: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

There are limited long-term safety data in children. In particular, the long-term effects of Atovaquone/Proguanil Hydrochloride on growth, puberty and general development have not been studied.

System Organ Class

Very Common

Common

Uncommon

Rare

Not known2

Blood and lymphatic system disorders

Anaemia

Neutropenia1

Pancytopenia

Immune system disorders

Allergic reactions

Angioedema3,

Anaphylaxis (see section 4.4) Vasculitis3

Metabolism and nutrition disorders

Hyponatraemia1 Anorexia

Elevated amylase levels1

Psychiatric disorders

Abnormal dreams Depression

Anxiety

Hallucinations

Panic attack

Crying

Nightmares

Psychotic disorder

Nervous system disorders

Headache

Insomnia

Dizziness

Seizure

Cardiac disorders

Palpitations

Tachycardia

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders

Cough

Gastrointestinal disorders

Nausea1

Vomiting

Diarrhoea

Abdominal pain

Stomatitis

Gastric intolerance3 Oral ulceration3

Hepatobiliary disorders

Elevated liver enzymes1

Hepatitis Cholestasis3

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

Pruritus

Rash

Hair loss

Urticaria

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Erythema multiforme2

Blister

Skin exfoliation

Photosensitivity reactions

General disorders and administration site conditions

Fever

1. Frequency taken from atovaquone label. Patients participating in clinical trials with atovaquone have received higher doses and have often had complications of advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disease. These events may have been seen at a lower frequency or not at all in clinical trials with atovaquone/proguanil.

2. Observed from post-marketing spontaneous reports and the frequency is therefore unknown.

3. Observed with proguanil.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via Yellow Card Scheme, Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.

4.9. Overdose

There is insufficient experience to predict the consequences or suggest specific management of atovaquone/proguanil overdose. However, in the reported cases of atovaquone overdose, the observed effects were consistent with known undesirable effects of the drug. If overdose occurs, the patient should be monitored and standard supportive treatment applied.