4.1. Therapeutic indications

Indications

Acarbose is recommended for the treatment of non-insulin dependent NIDDM) diabetes mellitus in patients inadequately controlled on diet alone, or on diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents .

Mode of action

Acarbose is a competitive inhibitor of intestinal alpha-glucosidases with maximum specific inhibitory activity against sucrase. Under the influence of Acarbose, the digestion of starch and sucrose into absorbable monosaccharides in the small intestine is dose-dependently delayed. In diabetic subjects, this results in a lowering of postprandial hyperglycaemia and a smoothing effect on fluctuations in the daily blood glucose profile.

In contrast to sulphonylureas, Acarbose has no stimulatory action on the pancreas.

Treatment with Acarbose also results in a reduction of fasting blood glucose and to modest changes in levels of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1, HbA1C).

The changes may be a reduction or reduced deterioration in HbA1 or HbA1C levels, depending upon the patient's clinical status and disease progression. These parameters are affected in a dose-dependent manner by Acarbose.

Following oral administration, only 1-2% of the active inhibitor is absorbed.

4.2. Posology and method of administration

Posology

Owing to the great individual variation of glucosidase activity in the intestinal mucosa, there is no fixed dosage regimen, and patients should be treated according to clinical response and tolerance of intestinal side effects.

Adults

The recommended initial dose is 50mg three times a day. However, some patients may benefit from more gradual initial dose titration to minimise gastrointestinal side effects. This may be achieved by initiating treatment at 50mg once or twice a day, with subsequent titration to a three times a day regimen.

If after six to eight weeks' treatment patients show an inadequate clinical response, the dosage may be increased to 100mg three times a day. A further increase in dosage to a maximum of 200mg three times a day may occasionally be necessary.

Acarbose is intended for continuous long-term treatment.

If adverse events occur in spite of strict adherence to the diabetic diet, the dose should not be increased and if necessary should be reduced (see section 4.8).

Elderly subjects:

No modification of the normal adult dosage regimen is necessary.

Paediatric population

The efficacy and safety of acarbose in children and adolescents have not been established. Acarbose is not recommended for patients under the age of 18 years.

Renal or hepatic impairment

See section 4.3.

Method of administration

Acarbose tablets are taken orally and should be swallowed whole with a little liquid directly before the meal or chewed with the first mouthful of food.

4.3. Contraindications

- Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1, pregnancy and in nursing mothers.

Acarbose is also contraindicated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, colonic ulceration, partial intestinal obstruction or in patients predisposed to intestinal obstruction. In addition, Acarbose should not be used in patients who have chronic intestinal diseases associated with marked disorders of digestion or absorption and in patients who suffer from states which may deteriorate as a result of increased gas formation in the intestine, e.g. larger hernias.

-Acarbose is contraindicated in patients with hepatic impairment (e.g. liver cirrhosis).

-As Acarbose has not been studied in patients with severe renal failure, it should not be used in patients with a creatinine clearance <25 ml/min/1.73m².

4.4. Special warnings and precautions for use

Hypoglycaemia: Acarbose has an antihyperglycaemic effect, but does not itself induce hypoglycaemia.

If acarbose is prescribed in addition to other blood glucose lowering drugs (e.g. sulphonylureas metformin, or insulin) a fall of the blood glucose values into the hypoglycaemic range may require a dose adaption of the respective co-medication. If acute hypoglycemia develops glucose should be used for rapid correction of hypoglycaemia (see section 4.5).

Episodes of hypoglycaemia occurring during therapy must, where appropriate, be treated by the administration of glucose, not sucrose. This is because acarbose will delay the digestion and absorption of disaccharides, but not monosaccharides.

Transaminases: Cases of fulminant hepatitis have been reported during acarbose therapy. The mechanism is unknown, but acarbose may contribute to a multifactorial pathophysiology of liver injury. It is recommended that liver enzyme monitoring is considered during the first 6 to 12 months of treatment (see section 4.8).

If elevated transaminases are observed, withdrawal of therapy may be warranted, particularly if the elevations persist. In such circumstances, patients should be monitored at weekly intervals until normal values are established.

The administration of antacid preparations containing magnesium and aluminium salts, e.g. hydrotalcite, has been shown not to ameliorate the acute gastrointestinal symptoms of Acarbose in higher dosage and should, therefore, not be recommended to patients for this purpose.

4.5. Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

When administered alone, acarbose does not cause hypoglycaemia. It may, however, act to potentiate the hypoglycaemic effects of insulin, metformin and sulphonylurea drugs, and the dosages of these agents may need to be modified accordingly. In individual cases hypoglycaemic shock may occur (i.e. clinical sequelae of glucose levels < 1 mmol/L such as altered conscious levels, confusion or convulsions).

Episodes of hypoglycaemia occurring during therapy must, where appropriate, be treated by the administration of glucose, not sucrose. This is because acarbose will delay the digestion and absorption of disaccharides, but not monosaccharides.

Sucrose (cane sugar) and foods containing sucrose, often cause abdominal discomfort or even diarrhoea during treatment with acarbose as a result of increased fermentation of carbohydrates in the colon.

Intestinal adsorbents (e.g. charcoal) and digestive enzyme preparations containing carbohydrate splitting enzymes (e.g. amylase, pancreatin) may reduce the effect of Acarbose and should not therefore be taken concomitantly.

The concomitant administration of acarbose and oral neomycin may lead to enhanced reductions of postprandial blood glucose and to an increase in the frequency and severity of gastro-intestinal side effects. If the symptoms are severe, a temporary dose reduction of acarbose may be warranted.

The concomitant administration of colestyramine may enhance the effects of Acarbose, particularly with respect to reducing postprandial insulin levels. Simultaneous administration of Acarbose and colestyramine should, therefore, be avoided. In the rare circumstance that both Acarbose and colestyramine therapy are withdrawn simultaneously, care is needed as a rebound phenomenon has been observed with respect to insulin levels in non-diabetic subjects.

In individual cases Acarbose may affect digoxin bioavailability, which may require dose adjustment of digoxin. Monitoring of serum digoxin levels should be considered.

In a pilot study to investigate a possible interaction between Acarbose and nifedipine, no significant or reproducible changes were observed in the plasma nifedipine profiles.

4.6. Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy

Acarbose should not be administered during pregnancy as no information is available from clinical studies on its use in pregnant women.

Breastfeeding

After the administration of radioactively marked acarbose to nursing rats, a small amount of radioactivity was recovered in the milk. To date there have been no similar findings in humans.

Nevertheless, as the possibility of drug induced effects on nursing infants cannot be excluded, the prescription of acarbose is not recommended during breast-feeding.

4.7. Effects on ability to drive and use machines

No data are available on alteration of the ability to drive vehicles or use machines while on treatment with acarbose.

4.8. Undesirable effects

The frequencies of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reported with Acarbose, based on placebo controlled studies (acarbose N = 8 595; placebo N = 7 278; status) aresummarised in the table below.

Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

Frequencies are defined as very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10 000 to <1/1000); very rare (<1/10 000).

The ADRs identified only during post-marketing surveillance (status: 31 Dec 2005), and for which a frequency could not be estimated, are listed under “not known”.

System Organ Class(MedDRA)

Very common

Common

Uncommon

Rare

Not known

Blood and lymphatic system disorders

Thrombo-cytopenia

Immune system disorders

Drug hypersensitivity and hypersensitivity (rash, erythema, exanthema, urticaria)

Vascular disorders

Oedema

Gastrointestinal disorders

Flatulence

Diarrhea

Gastrointestinal and abdominal pains

Nausea

Vomiting

Dyspepsia

Subileus/Ileus

Pneumatosis cystoidis intestinalis i

Hepatobiliary Disorders

Increase in transami-nases

Jaundice

Hepatitis

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis

In post-marketing, cases of liver disorder, hepatic function abnormal, and liver injury have been reported. Individual cases of fulminant hepatitis with fatal outcome have also been reported, particularly from Japan.

In patients receiving the recommended daily dose of 150 mg to 300 mg acarbose , clinically relevant abnormal liver function tests (three times above upper limit of normal range) were rarely observed. Abnormal values may be transient under ongoing acarbose therapy (see section 4.4).

If the prescribed diabetic diet is not observed the intestinal side effects may be intensified. If strongly distressing symptoms develop in spite of adherence to the diabetic diet prescribed, the doctor must be consulted and the dose temporarily or permanently reduced.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.

4.9. Overdose

When Acarbose tablets are taken with beverages and/or meals containing carbohydrates (polysaccharides, oligosaccharides or disaccharides), an overdose may cause meteorism, flatulence and diarrhoea. If Acarbose tablets are taken independently of food, excessive intestinal symptoms need not be anticipated.

No specific antidotes to Acarbose are known.

Intake of carbohydrate-containing meals or beverages should be avoided for 4-6 hours. Diarrhoea should be treated by standard conservative measures.